Modulators of malat1 expression

ABSTRACT

The present embodiments provide methods, compounds, and compositions useful for inhibiting MALAT1 expression, which may be useful for treating, preventing, or ameliorating a cancer associated with MALAT1.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The present application is being filed along with a Sequence Listing in electronic format. The Sequence Listing is provided as a file entitled BIOL00359USSEQ_ST25.txt created Feb. 20, 2020 which is 596 kb in size. The information in the electronic format of the sequence listing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

The present embodiments provide methods, compounds, and compositions useful for inhibiting MALAT1 expression, which can be useful for treating, preventing, or ameliorating a cancer associated with MALAT1.

BACKGROUND

Metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) is a non-coding lncRNA expressed in many human cell types and is highly conserved across mammalian species. MALAT1 was initially identified from metastatic NSCLC patients and is upregulated in multiple types of cancer (Zhang X. et al., RNA Biol. 2017, Ping J et al., 2003).

Certain embodiments provided herein are directed to potent and tolerable compounds and compositions useful for inhibiting MALAT1 expression, which can be useful for treating, preventing, ameliorating, or slowing progression of cancer associated with MALAT1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the embodiments, as claimed. Herein, the use of the singular includes the plural unless specifically stated otherwise. As used herein, the use of “or” means “and/or” unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, the use of the term “including” as well as other forms, such as “includes” and “included”, is not limiting.

The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described. All documents, or portions of documents, cited in this application, including, but not limited to, patents, patent applications, articles, books, treatises, and GenBank and NCBI reference sequence records are hereby expressly incorporated by reference for the portions of the document discussed herein, as well as in their entirety.

It is understood that the sequence set forth in each SEQ ID NO in the examples contained herein is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. As such, compounds defined by a SEQ ID NO may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. Compounds described by ION number indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence, chemical modification, and motif.

Unless otherwise indicated, the following terms have the following meanings:

“2′-deoxynucleoside” means a nucleoside comprising 2′-H(H) furanosyl sugar moiety, as found in naturally occurring deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA). In certain embodiments, a 2′-deoxynucleoside may comprise a modified nucleobase or may comprise an RNA nucleobase (uracil).

“2′-O-methoxyethyl” (also 2′-MOE and 2′-O(CH₂)₂—OCH₃) refers to an O-methoxy-ethyl modification at the 2′ position of a furanosyl ring. A 2′-O-methoxyethyl modified sugar is a modified sugar.

“2′-MOE nucleoside” (also 2′-O-methoxyethyl nucleoside) means a nucleoside comprising a 2′-MOE modified sugar moiety.

“2′-substituted nucleoside” or “2-modified nucleoside” means a nucleoside comprising a 2′-substituted or 2′-modified sugar moiety. As used herein, “2′-substituted” or “2-modified” in reference to a sugar moiety means a sugar moiety comprising at least one 2′-substituent group other than H or OH.

“3′ target site” refers to the nucleotide of a target nucleic acid which is complementary to the 3′-most nucleotide of a particular compound.

“5′ target site” refers to the nucleotide of a target nucleic acid which is complementary to the 5′-most nucleotide of a particular compound.

“5-methylcytosine” means a cytosine with a methyl group attached to the 5 position.

“About” means within ±10% of a value. For example, if it is stated, “the compounds affected about 70% inhibition of MALAT1”, it is implied that MALAT1 levels are inhibited within a range of 60% and 80%.

“Administration” or “administering” refers to routes of introducing a compound or composition provided herein to an individual to perform its intended function. An example of a route of administration that can be used includes, but is not limited to parenteral administration, such as subcutaneous, intravenous, or intramuscular injection or infusion.

“Administered concomitantly” or “co-administration” means administration of two or more compounds in any manner in which the pharmacological effects of both are manifest in the patient. Concomitant administration does not require that both compounds be administered in a single pharmaceutical composition, in the same dosage form, by the same route of administration, or at the same time. The effects of both compounds need not manifest themselves at the same time. The effects need only be overlapping for a period of time and need not be coextensive. Concomitant administration or co-administration encompasses administration in parallel or sequentially.

“Amelioration” refers to an improvement or lessening of at least one indicator, sign, or symptom of an associated disease, disorder, or condition. In certain embodiments, amelioration includes a delay or slowing in the progression or severity of one or more indicators of a condition or disease. The progression or severity of indicators may be determined by subjective or objective measures, which are known to those skilled in the art.

“Animal” refers to a human or non-human animal, including, but not limited to, mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, cats, pigs, and non-human primates, including, but not limited to, monkeys and chimpanzees.

“Antibody,” as used in this disclosure, refers to an immunoglobulin or a fragment or a derivative thereof, and encompasses any polypeptide comprising an antigen-binding site, regardless of whether it is produced in vitro or in vivo. The term includes, but is not limited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, monospecific, polyspecific, non-specific, humanized, single-chain, chimeric, synthetic, recombinant, hybrid, mutated, and grafted antibodies. Unless otherwise modified by the term “intact,” as in “intact antibodies,” for the purposes of this disclosure, the term “antibody” also includes antibody fragments such as Fab, F(ab′)2, Fv, scFv, Fd, dAb, and other antibody fragments that retain antigen-binding function, i.e., the ability to bind, for example, CTLA-4 or PD-L1 specifically. Typically, such fragments would comprise an antigen-binding domain.

“Anti-CTLA-4 antibody” refers to an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds a CTLA-4 polypeptide. Exemplary anti-CTLA-4 antibodies are described for example at U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,682,736; 7,109,003; 7,123,281; 7,411,057; 7,824,679; 8,143,379; 7,807,797; and 8,491,895 (Tremelimumab is 11.2.1, therein), which are herein incorporated by reference. Tremelimumab (U.S. Pat. No. 6,682,736) is an exemplary anti-CTLA-4 antibody. Tremelimumab VL, VH, and CDR amino acid sequences are provided at SEQ ID NOs: 1-8, herein.

“Anti-OX40 antibody” refers to an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds OX40. OX40 antibodies include monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies that are specific for OX40 and antigen-binding fragments thereof. In certain aspects, anti-OX40 antibodies as described herein are monoclonal antibodies (or antigen-binding fragments thereof), e.g., murine, humanized, or fully human monoclonal antibodies. In one particular embodiment, the OX40 antibody is an OX40 receptor agonist, such as the mouse anti-human OX40 monoclonal antibody (9B12) described by Weinberg et al., J Immunother 29, 575-585 (2006). In another embodiment, an OX40 antibody is MEDI0562 as described in US 2016/0137740, incorporated herein by reference. MEDI0562 VH and VL amino acid sequences are provided at SEQ ID NOs: 25-26, herein. In other embodiments, the antibody which specifically binds to OX40, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, binds to the same OX40 epitope as mAb 9B12.

“Anti-PD-L1 antibody” refers to an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds a PD-L1 polypeptide. Exemplary anti-PD-L1 antibodies are described for example at US2013/0034559, U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,779,108 and 9,493,565 which are herein incorporated by reference. Durvalumab (MEDI4736) is an exemplary anti-PD-L1 antibody. Durvalumab VL, VH, and CDR amino acid sequences are provided at SEQ ID NOs: 9-16, herein. Other anti-PD-L1 antibodies include BMS-936559 (Bristol-Myers Squibb) and MPDL3280A (atezolizumab) (Roche).

“Anti-PD-1 antibody” refers to an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds a PD-1 polypeptide. Exemplary anti-PD-1 antibodies are described for example at U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,521,051; 8,008,449; 8,354,509; 9,073,994; 9,393,301; 9,402,899; and 9,439,962, which are herein incorporated by reference. Exemplary anti-PD-1 antibodies include, without limitation, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, pidilizumab, and AMP-514.

“Antigen-binding domain,” “antigen-binding fragment,” and “binding fragment” refer to a part of an antibody molecule that comprises amino acids responsible for the specific binding between the antibody and the antigen. In instances, where an antigen is large, the antigen-binding domain may only bind to a part of the antigen. A portion of the antigen molecule that is responsible for specific interactions with the antigen-binding domain is referred to as “epitope” or “antigenic determinant.” An antigen-binding domain typically comprises an antibody light chain variable region (VL) and an antibody heavy chain variable region (VH), however, it does not necessarily have to comprise both. For example, a so-called Fd antibody fragment consists only of a VH domain, but still retains some antigen-binding function of the intact antibody. Binding fragments of an antibody are produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or by enzymatic or chemical cleavage of intact antibodies. Binding fragments include Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, Fv, and single-chain antibodies. An antibody other than a “bispecific” or “bifunctional” antibody is understood to have each of its binding sites identical. Digestion of antibodies with the enzyme, papain, results in two identical antigen-binding fragments, known also as “Fab” fragments, and a “Fc” fragment, having no antigen-binding activity but having the ability to crystallize. Digestion of antibodies with the enzyme, pepsin, results in the a F(ab′)2 fragment in which the two arms of the antibody molecule remain linked and comprise two-antigen binding sites. The F(ab′)2 fragment has the ability to crosslink antigen. “Fv” when used herein refers to the minimum fragment of an antibody that retains both antigen-recognition and antigen-binding sites. “Fab” when used herein refers to a fragment of an antibody that comprises the constant domain of the light chain and the CH1 domain of the heavy chain.

“mAb” refers to monoclonal antibody. Antibodies of the present disclosure comprise without limitation whole native antibodies, bispecific antibodies; chimeric antibodies; Fab, Fab′, single chain V region fragments (scFv), fusion polypeptides, and unconventional antibodies.

“Antisense activity” means any detectable and/or measurable activity attributable to the hybridization of an antisense compound to its target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, antisense activity is a decrease in the amount or expression of a target nucleic acid or protein encoded by such target nucleic acid compared to target nucleic acid levels or target protein levels in the absence of the antisense compound to the target.

“Antisense compound” means a compound comprising an oligonucleotide and optionally one or more additional features, such as a conjugate group or terminal group. Examples of antisense compounds include single-stranded and double-stranded compounds, such as, oligonucleotides, ribozymes, siRNAs, shRNAs, ssRNAs, and occupancy-based compounds.

“Antisense inhibition” means reduction of target nucleic acid levels in the presence of an antisense compound complementary to a target nucleic acid compared to target nucleic acid levels in the absence of the antisense compound.

“Antisense mechanisms” are all those mechanisms involving hybridization of a compound with target nucleic acid, wherein the outcome or effect of the hybridization is either target degradation or target occupancy with concomitant stalling of the cellular machinery involving, for example, transcription or splicing.

“Antisense oligonucleotide” means an oligonucleotide having a nucleobase sequence that is complementary to a target nucleic acid or region or segment thereof. In certain embodiments, an antisense oligonucleotide is specifically hybridizable to a target nucleic acid or region or segment thereof.

“Bicyclic nucleoside” or “BNA” means a nucleoside comprising a bicyclic sugar moiety. “Bicyclic sugar” or “bicyclic sugar moiety” means a modified sugar moiety comprising two rings, wherein the second ring is formed via a bridge connecting two of the atoms in the first ring thereby forming a bicyclic structure. In certain embodiments, the first ring of the bicyclic sugar moiety is a furanosyl moiety. In certain embodiments, the bicyclic sugar moiety does not comprise a furanosyl moiety.

“Branching group” means a group of atoms having at least 3 positions that are capable of forming covalent linkages to at least 3 groups. In certain embodiments, a branching group provides a plurality of reactive sites for connecting tethered ligands to an oligonucleotide via a conjugate linker and/or a cleavable moiety.

“Cell-targeting moiety” means a conjugate group or portion of a conjugate group that is capable of binding to a particular cell type or particular cell types.

“cEt” or “constrained ethyl” means a bicyclic furanosyl sugar moiety comprising a bridge connecting the 4′-carbon and the 2′-carbon, wherein the bridge has the formula: 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′.

“cEt nucleoside” means a nucleoside comprising a cEt modified sugar moiety.

“Chemical modification” in a compound describes the substitutions or changes through chemical reaction, of any of the units in the compound relative to the original state of such unit. “Modified nucleoside” means a nucleoside having, independently, a modified sugar moiety and/or modified nucleobase. “Modified oligonucleotide” means an oligonucleotide comprising at least one modified internucleoside linkage, a modified sugar, and/or a modified nucleobase.

“Chemically distinct region” refers to a region of a compound that is in some way chemically different than another region of the same compound. For example, a region having 2′-O-methoxyethyl nucleotides is chemically distinct from a region having nucleotides without 2′-O-methoxyethyl modifications.

“Chimeric antisense compounds” means antisense compounds that have at least 2 chemically distinct regions, each position having a plurality of subunits.

“Chirally enriched population” means a plurality of molecules of identical molecular formula, wherein the number or percentage of molecules within the population that contain a particular stereochemical configuration at a particular chiral center is greater than the number or percentage of molecules expected to contain the same particular stereochemical configuration at the same particular chiral center within the population if the particular chiral center were stereorandom. Chirally enriched populations of molecules having multiple chiral centers within each molecule may contain one or more stereorandom chiral centers. In certain embodiments, the molecules are modified oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the molecules are compounds comprising modified oligonucleotides.

“Cleavable bond” means any chemical bond capable of being split. In certain embodiments, a cleavable bond is selected from among: an amide, a polyamide, an ester, an ether, one or both esters of a phosphodiester, a phosphate ester, a carbamate, a di-sulfide, or a peptide.

“Cleavable moiety” means a bond or group of atoms that is cleaved under physiological conditions, for example, inside a cell, an animal, or a human.

“Complementary” in reference to an oligonucleotide means the nucleobase sequence of such oligonucleotide or one or more regions thereof matches the nucleobase sequence of another oligonucleotide or nucleic acid or one or more regions thereof when the two nucleobase sequences are aligned in opposing directions. Nucleobase matches or complementary nucleobases, as described herein, are limited to the following pairs: adenine (A) and thymine (T), adenine (A) and uracil (U), cytosine (C) and guanine (G), and 5-methyl cytosine (^(m)C) and guanine (G) unless otherwise specified. Complementary oligonucleotides and/or nucleic acids need not have nucleobase complementarity at each nucleoside and may include one or more nucleobase mismatches. By contrast, “fully complementary” or “100% complementary” in reference to oligonucleotides means that such oligonucleotides have nucleobase matches at each nucleoside without any nucleobase mismatches.

“Conjugate group” means a group of atoms that is attached to an oligonucleotide. Conjugate groups include a conjugate moiety and a conjugate linker that attaches the conjugate moiety to the oligonucleotide.

“Conjugate linker” means a group of atoms comprising at least one bond that connects a conjugate moiety to an oligonucleotide.

“Conjugate moiety” means a group of atoms that is attached to an oligonucleotide via a conjugate linker.

“Contiguous” in the context of an oligonucleotide refers to nucleosides, nucleobases, sugar moieties, or internucleoside linkages that are immediately adjacent to each other. For example, “contiguous nucleobases” means nucleobases that are immediately adjacent to each other in a sequence.

“Designing” or “Designed to” refer to the process of designing a compound that specifically hybridizes with a selected nucleic acid molecule.

“Diluent” means an ingredient in a composition that lacks pharmacological activity, but is pharmaceutically necessary or desirable. For example, the diluent in an injected composition can be a liquid, e.g. saline solution.

“Differently modified” means chemical modifications or chemical substituents that are different from one another, including absence of modifications. Thus, for example, a MOE nucleoside and an unmodified DNA nucleoside are “differently modified,” even though the DNA nucleoside is unmodified. Likewise, DNA and RNA are “differently modified,” even though both are naturally-occurring unmodified nucleosides. Nucleosides that are the same but for comprising different nucleobases are not differently modified. For example, a nucleoside comprising a 2′-OMe modified sugar and an unmodified adenine nucleobase and a nucleoside comprising a 2′-OMe modified sugar and an unmodified thymine nucleobase are not differently modified.

“Dose” means a specified quantity of a compound or pharmaceutical agent provided in a single administration, or in a specified time period. In certain embodiments, a dose may be administered in two or more boluses, tablets, or injections. For example, in certain embodiments, where subcutaneous administration is desired, the desired dose may require a volume not easily accommodated by a single injection. In such embodiments, two or more injections may be used to achieve the desired dose. In certain embodiments, a dose may be administered in two or more injections to minimize injection site reaction in an individual. In other embodiments, the compound or pharmaceutical agent is administered by infusion over an extended period of time or continuously. Doses may be stated as the amount of pharmaceutical agent per hour, day, week or month.

“Dosing regimen” is a combination of doses designed to achieve one or more desired effects.

“Double-stranded antisense compound” means an antisense compound comprising two oligomeric compounds that are complementary to each other and form a duplex, and wherein one of the two said oligomeric compounds comprises an oligonucleotide.

“Effective amount” means the amount of compound sufficient to effectuate a desired physiological outcome in an individual in need of the compound. The effective amount may vary among individuals depending on the health and physical condition of the individual to be treated, the taxonomic group of the individuals to be treated, the formulation of the composition, assessment of the individual's medical condition, and other relevant factors.

“Efficacy” means the ability to produce a desired effect.

“Expression” includes all the functions by which a gene's coded information is converted into structures present and operating in a cell. Such structures include, but are not limited to, the products of transcription and translation.

“Gapmer” means an oligonucleotide comprising an internal region having a plurality of nucleosides that support RNase H cleavage positioned between external regions having one or more nucleosides, wherein the nucleosides comprising the internal region are chemically distinct from the nucleoside or nucleosides comprising the external regions. The internal region may be referred to as the “gap” and the external regions may be referred to as the “wings.”

“Hybridization” means the annealing of oligonucleotides and/or nucleic acids. While not limited to a particular mechanism, the most common mechanism of hybridization involves hydrogen bonding, which may be Watson-Crick, Hoogsteen or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding, between complementary nucleobases. In certain embodiments, complementary nucleic acid molecules include, but are not limited to, an antisense compound and a nucleic acid target. In certain embodiments, complementary nucleic acid molecules include, but are not limited to, an oligonucleotide and a nucleic acid target.

“Immediately adjacent” means there are no intervening elements between the immediately adjacent elements of the same kind (e.g. no intervening nucleobases between the immediately adjacent nucleobases).

“Immune checkpoint inhibitor” means an agent that inhibits the expression or activity of a protein that inhibits an immune response. In one embodiment, an immune checkpoint inhibitor is an agent that inhibits the CTLA-4 or PD-1 pathways. Particular checkpoint inhibitors include antibodies that inhibit PD-1, PD-L1 or CTLA-4.

“Immunomodulatory agent” means an agent that enhances an immune response (e.g., anti-tumor immune response). Exemplary immunomodulatory agents of the present disclosure include antibodies, such as an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, an anti-PD-L1 antibody, an anti-PD-1 antibody and antigenic fragments of any of these, and OX40 agonists, including proteins, such as OX40 ligand fusion protein, OX40 antibody, or fragments thereof. In one embodiment, the immunomodulatory agent is an immune checkpoint inhibitor.

“Individual” means a human or non-human animal selected for treatment or therapy.

“Inhibiting the expression or activity” refers to a reduction or blockade of the expression or activity relative to the expression of activity in an untreated or control sample and does not necessarily indicate a total elimination of expression or activity.

“Internucleoside linkage” means a group or bond that forms a covalent linkage between adjacent nucleosides in an oligonucleotide. “Modified internucleoside linkage” means any internucleoside linkage other than a naturally occurring, phosphate internucleoside linkage. Non-phosphate linkages are referred to herein as modified internucleoside linkages.

“Lengthened oligonucleotides” are those that have one or more additional nucleosides relative to an oligonucleotide disclosed herein, e.g. a parent oligonucleotide.

“Linked nucleosides” means adjacent nucleosides linked together by an internucleoside linkage.

“Linker-nucleoside” means a nucleoside that links an oligonucleotide to a conjugate moiety. Linker-nucleosides are located within the conjugate linker of a compound. Linker-nucleosides are not considered part of the oligonucleotide portion of a compound even if they are contiguous with the oligonucleotide.

“Mismatch” or “non-complementary” means a nucleobase of a first oligonucleotide that is not complementary to the corresponding nucleobase of a second oligonucleotide or target nucleic acid when the first and second oligonucleotides are aligned. For example, nucleobases including but not limited to a universal nucleobase, inosine, and hypoxanthine, are capable of hybridizing with at least one nucleobase but are still mismatched or non-complementary with respect to nucleobase to which it hybridized. As another example, a nucleobase of a first oligonucleotide that is not capable of hybridizing to the corresponding nucleobase of a second oligonucleotide or target nucleic acid when the first and second oligonucleotides are aligned is a mismatch or non-complementary nucleobase.

“Modulating” refers to changing or adjusting a feature in a cell, tissue, organ or organism. For example, modulating MALAT1 RNA can mean to increase or decrease the level of MALAT1 RNA and/or MALAT1 protein in a cell, tissue, organ or organism. A “modulator” effects the change in the cell, tissue, organ or organism. For example, a MALAT1 compound can be a modulator that decreases the amount of MALAT1 RNA and/or MALAT1 protein in a cell, tissue, organ or organism.

“MOE” means methoxyethyl.

“Monomer” refers to a single unit of an oligomer. Monomers include, but are not limited to, nucleosides and nucleotides.

“Motif” means the pattern of unmodified and/or modified sugar moieties, nucleobases, and/or internucleoside linkages, in an oligonucleotide.

“Natural” or “naturally occurring” means found in nature.

“Non-bicyclic modified sugar” or “non-bicyclic modified sugar moiety” means a modified sugar moiety that comprises a modification, such as a substituent, that does not form a bridge between two atoms of the sugar to form a second ring.

“Nucleic acid” refers to molecules composed of monomeric nucleotides. A nucleic acid includes, but is not limited to, ribonucleic acids (RNA), deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA), single-stranded nucleic acids, and double-stranded nucleic acids.

“Nucleobase” means a heterocyclic moiety capable of pairing with a base of another nucleic acid. As used herein a “naturally occurring nucleobase” is adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), uracil (U), and guanine (G). A “modified nucleobase” is a naturally occurring nucleobase that is chemically modified. A “universal base” or “universal nucleobase” is a nucleobase other than a naturally occurring nucleobase and modified nucleobase, and is capable of pairing with any nucleobase.

“Nucleobase sequence” means the order of contiguous nucleobases in a nucleic acid or oligonucleotide independent of any sugar or internucleoside linkage.

“Nucleoside” means a compound comprising a nucleobase and a sugar moiety. The nucleobase and sugar moiety are each, independently, unmodified or modified. “Modified nucleoside” means a nucleoside comprising a modified nucleobase and/or a modified sugar moiety. Modified nucleosides include abasic nucleosides, which lack a nucleobase.

“Oligomeric compound” means a compound comprising a single oligonucleotide and optionally one or more additional features, such as a conjugate group or terminal group.

“Oligonucleotide” means a polymer of linked nucleosides each of which can be modified or unmodified, independent one from another. Unless otherwise indicated, oligonucleotides consist of 8-80 linked nucleosides. “Modified oligonucleotide” means an oligonucleotide, wherein at least one sugar, nucleobase, or internucleoside linkage is modified. “Unmodified oligonucleotide” means an oligonucleotide that does not comprise any sugar, nucleobase, or internucleoside modification.

“Parent oligonucleotide” means an oligonucleotide whose sequence is used as the basis of design for more oligonucleotides of similar sequence but with different lengths, motifs, and/or chemistries. The newly designed oligonucleotides may have the same or overlapping sequence as the parent oligonucleotide.

“Parenteral administration” means administration through injection or infusion. Parenteral administration includes subcutaneous administration, intravenous administration, intramuscular administration, intraarterial administration, intraperitoneal administration, or intracranial administration, e.g. intrathecal or intracerebroventricular administration.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent” means any substance suitable for use in administering to an individual. For example, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can be a sterile aqueous solution, such as PBS or water-for-injection.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salts” means physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds, such as oligomeric compounds or oligonucleotides, i.e., salts that retain the desired biological activity of the parent compound and do not impart undesired toxicological effects thereto.

“Pharmaceutical agent” means a compound that provides a therapeutic benefit when administered to an individual.

“Pharmaceutical composition” means a mixture of substances suitable for administering to an individual. For example, a pharmaceutical composition may comprise one or more compounds or salt thereof and a sterile aqueous solution.

“Phosphorothioate linkage” means a modified phosphate linkage in which one of the non-bridging oxygen atoms is replaced with a sulfur atom. A phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage is a modified internucleoside linkage.

“Phosphorus moiety” means a group of atoms comprising a phosphorus atom. In certain embodiments, a phosphorus moiety comprises a mono-, di-, or tri-phosphate, or phosphorothioate.

“Portion” means a defined number of contiguous (i.e., linked) nucleobases of a nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, a portion is a defined number of contiguous nucleobases of a target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, a portion is a defined number of contiguous nucleobases of an oligomeric compound.

“Prevent” refers to delaying or forestalling the onset, development or progression of a disease, disorder, or condition for a period of time from minutes to indefinitely.

“Prodrug” means a compound in a form outside the body which, when administered to an individual, is metabolized to another form within the body or cells thereof. In certain embodiments, the metabolized form is the active, or more active, form of the compound (e.g., drug). Typically conversion of a prodrug within the body is facilitated by the action of an enzyme(s) (e.g., endogenous or viral enzyme) or chemical(s) present in cells or tissues, and/or by physiologic conditions.

“Reduce” means to bring down to a smaller extent, size, amount, or number.

“RefSeq No.” is a unique combination of letters and numbers assigned to a sequence to indicate the sequence is for a particular target transcript (e.g., target gene). Such sequence and information about the target gene (collectively, the gene record) can be found in a genetic sequence database. Genetic sequence databases include the NCBI Reference Sequence database, GenBank, the European Nucleotide Archive, and the DNA Data Bank of Japan (the latter three forming the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration or INSDC).

“Region” is defined as a portion of the target nucleic acid having at least one identifiable structure, function, or characteristic.

“RNAi compound” means an antisense compound that acts, at least in part, through RISC or Ago2, but not through RNase H, to modulate a target nucleic acid and/or protein encoded by a target nucleic acid. RNAi compounds include, but are not limited to double-stranded siRNA, single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), and microRNA, including microRNA mimics.

“Segments” are defined as smaller or sub-portions of regions within a nucleic acid.

“Side effects” means physiological disease and/or conditions attributable to a treatment other than the desired effects. In certain embodiments, side effects include injection site reactions, liver function test abnormalities, renal function abnormalities, liver toxicity, renal toxicity, central nervous system abnormalities, myopathies, and malaise. For example, increased aminotransferase levels in serum may indicate liver toxicity or liver function abnormality. For example, increased bilirubin may indicate liver toxicity or liver function abnormality.

“Single-stranded” in reference to a compound means the compound has only one oligonucleotide. “Self-complementary” means an oligonucleotide that at least partially hybridizes to itself. A compound consisting of one oligonucleotide, wherein the oligonucleotide of the compound is self-complementary, is a single-stranded compound. A single-stranded compound may be capable of binding to a complementary compound to form a duplex.

“Sites” are defined as unique nucleobase positions within a target nucleic acid.

“Specifically hybridizable” refers to an oligonucleotide having a sufficient degree of complementarity between the oligonucleotide and a target nucleic acid to induce a desired effect, while exhibiting minimal or no effects on non-target nucleic acids. In certain embodiments, specific hybridization occurs under physiological conditions.

“Specifically inhibit” with reference to a target nucleic acid means to reduce or block expression of the target nucleic acid while exhibiting fewer, minimal, or no effects on non-target nucleic acids. Reduction does not necessarily indicate a total elimination of the target nucleic acid's expression.

“Standard cell assay” means assay(s) described in the Examples and reasonable variations thereof

“Standard in vivo experiment” means the procedure(s) described in the Example(s) and reasonable variations thereof.

“Stereorandom chiral center” in the context of a population of molecules of identical molecular formula means a chiral center having a random stereochemical configuration. For example, in a population of molecules comprising a stereorandom chiral center, the number of molecules having the (S) configuration of the stereorandom chiral center may be but is not necessarily the same as the number of molecules having the (R) configuration of the stereorandom chiral center. The stereochemical configuration of a chiral center is considered random when it is the result of a synthetic method that is not designed to control the stereochemical configuration. In certain embodiments, a stereorandom chiral center is a stereorandom phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.

“Sugar moiety” means an unmodified sugar moiety or a modified sugar moiety. “Unmodified sugar moiety” or “unmodified sugar” means a 2′-OH(H) furanosyl moiety, as found in RNA (an “unmodified RNA sugar moiety”), or a 2′-H(H) moiety, as found in DNA (an “unmodified DNA sugar moiety”). Unmodified sugar moieties have one hydrogen at each of the 1′, 3′, and 4′ positions, an oxygen at the 3′ position, and two hydrogens at the 5′ position. “Modified sugar moiety” or “modified sugar” means a modified furanosyl sugar moiety or a sugar surrogate. “Modified furanosyl sugar moiety” means a furanosyl sugar comprising a non-hydrogen substituent in place of at least one hydrogen of an unmodified sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, a modified furanosyl sugar moiety is a 2′-substituted sugar moiety. Such modified furanosyl sugar moieties include bicyclic sugars and non-bicyclic sugars.

“Sugar surrogate” means a modified sugar moiety having other than a furanosyl moiety that can link a nucleobase to another group, such as an internucleoside linkage, conjugate group, or terminal group in an oligonucleotide. Modified nucleosides comprising sugar surrogates can be incorporated into one or more positions within an oligonucleotide and such oligonucleotides are capable of hybridizing to complementary compounds or nucleic acids.

“Synergy” or “synergize” refers to an effect of a combination that is greater than additive of the effects of each component alone at the same doses.

“MALAT1” means any nucleic acid or protein of MALAT1. “MALAT1 nucleic acid” means any nucleic acid encoding MALAT1. For example, in certain embodiments, a MALAT1 nucleic acid includes a DNA sequence encoding MALAT1, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding MALAT1 (including genomic DNA comprising introns and exons), and an mRNA sequence encoding MALAT1. “MALAT1 mRNA” means an mRNA encoding a MALAT1 protein. The target may be referred to in either upper or lower case.

“MALAT1 specific inhibitor” refers to any agent capable of specifically inhibiting MALAT1 RNA and/or MALAT1 protein expression or activity at the molecular level. For example, MALAT1 specific inhibitors include nucleic acids (including antisense compounds), peptides, antibodies, small molecules, and other agents capable of inhibiting the expression of MALAT1 RNA and/or MALAT1 protein.

“Target gene” refers to a gene encoding a target.

“Targeting” means the specific hybridization of a compound to a target nucleic acid in order to induce a desired effect.

“Target nucleic acid,” “target RNA,” “target RNA transcript” and “nucleic acid target” all mean a nucleic acid capable of being targeted by compounds described herein.

“Target region” means a portion of a target nucleic acid to which one or more compounds is targeted.

“Target segment” means the sequence of nucleotides of a target nucleic acid to which a compound is targeted. “5′ target site” refers to the 5′-most nucleotide of a target segment. “3′ target site” refers to the 3′-most nucleotide of a target segment.

“Terminal group” means a chemical group or group of atoms that is covalently linked to a terminus of an oligonucleotide.

“Therapeutically effective amount” means an amount of a compound, pharmaceutical agent, or composition that provides a therapeutic benefit to an individual.

“Treat” refers to administering a compound or pharmaceutical composition to an animal in order to effect an alteration or improvement of a disease, disorder, or condition in the animal.

CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS

Certain embodiments provide methods, compounds and compositions for inhibiting MALAT1 expression.

Certain embodiments provide compounds targeted to a MALAT1 nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the MALAT1 nucleic acid has the sequence set forth in RefSeq or GENBANK Accession No. XR_001309.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) (which is incorporated by reference in its entirety), or GENBANK Accession No. EF177381.1 (SEQ ID NO: 2824) (which is incorporated by reference in its entirety). In certain embodiments, the compound is an antisense compound or oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, the compound is single-stranded. In certain embodiments, the compound is double-stranded.

Certain embodiments provide a compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 8 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 or 36-2813. In certain embodiments, the compound is an antisense compound or oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, the compound is single-stranded. In certain embodiments, the compound is double-stranded. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 10 to 30 linked nucleosides.

Certain embodiments provide a compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 8 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the compound is an antisense compound or oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, the compound is single-stranded. In certain embodiments, the compound is double-stranded. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 10 to 30 linked nucleosides.

Certain embodiments provide a compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 9 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 9 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 or 36-2813. In certain embodiments, the compound is an antisense compound or oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, the compound is single-stranded. In certain embodiments, the compound is double-stranded. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 10 to 30 linked nucleosides.

Certain embodiments provide a compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 9 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 9 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the compound is an antisense compound or oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, the compound is single-stranded. In certain embodiments, the compound is double-stranded. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 10 to 30 linked nucleosides.

Certain embodiments provide a compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 10 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 10 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 or 36-2813. In certain embodiments, the compound is an antisense compound or oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, the compound is single-stranded. In certain embodiments, the compound is double-stranded. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 10 to 30 linked nucleosides.

Certain embodiments provide a compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 10 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 10 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the compound is an antisense compound or oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, the compound is single-stranded. In certain embodiments, the compound is double-stranded. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 10 to 30 linked nucleosides.

Certain embodiments provide a compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 11 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 11 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 or 36-2813. In certain embodiments, the compound is an antisense compound or oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, the compound is single-stranded. In certain embodiments, the compound is double-stranded. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 11 to 30 linked nucleosides.

Certain embodiments provide a compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 11 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 11 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the compound is an antisense compound or oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, the compound is single-stranded. In certain embodiments, the compound is double-stranded. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 11 to 30 linked nucleosides.

Certain embodiments provide a compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 12 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 12 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 or 36-2813. In certain embodiments, the compound is an antisense compound or oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, the compound is single-stranded. In certain embodiments, the compound is double-stranded. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 12 to 30 linked nucleosides.

Certain embodiments provide a compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 12 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 12 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the compound is an antisense compound or oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, the compound is single-stranded. In certain embodiments, the compound is double-stranded. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 12 to 30 linked nucleosides.

Certain embodiments provide a compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 or 36-2813. In certain embodiments, the compound is an antisense compound or oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, the compound is single-stranded. In certain embodiments, the compound is double-stranded. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides.

Certain embodiments provide a compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the compound is an antisense compound or oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, the compound is single-stranded. In certain embodiments, the compound is double-stranded. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides.

Certain embodiments provide a compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide having a nucleobase sequence consisting of the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 or 36-2813. In certain embodiments, the compound is an antisense compound or oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, the compound is single-stranded. In certain embodiments, the compound is double-stranded.

Certain embodiments provide a compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide having a nucleobase sequence consisting of the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the compound is an antisense compound or oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, the compound is single-stranded. In certain embodiments, the compound is double-stranded.

In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8 to 80 linked nucleosides wherein the nucleobase sequence of the modified oligonucleotide comprises an at least 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16 contiguous nucleobase portion complementary to an equal length portion within nucleotides 1535-1550, 2034-2049, 2341-2356, 4821-4836, 4840-4855, 4931-4946, 5049-5064, 5494-5509, or 5495-5510 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 10 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8 to 80 linked nucleosides wherein the nucleobase sequence of the modified oligonucleotide is complementary within nucleotides 1535-1550, 2034-2049, 2341-2356, 4821-4836, 4840-4855, 4931-4946, 5049-5064, 5494-5509, or 5495-5510 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 10 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least an 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16 contiguous nucleobase portion of the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 or 36-2813. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 10 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least an 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16 contiguous nucleobase portion of the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 10 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 or 36-2813. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence consisting of the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 or 36-2813.

In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence consisting of the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10.

In certain embodiments, at least one internucleoside linkage of any of the foregoing modified oligonucleotides is a modified internucleoside linkage, at least one sugar of any of the foregoing modified oligonucleotides is a modified sugar, and/or at least one nucleobase of any of the foregoing modified oligonucleotides is a modified nucleobase.

In certain embodiments, at least one nucleoside of any of the foregoing modified oligonucleotides comprises a modified sugar. In certain embodiments, the modified sugar comprises a 2′-O-methoxyethyl group. In certain embodiments, the modified sugar is a bicyclic sugar, such as a 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′ group, a 4′-CH₂—O-2′ group, or a 4′-(CH₂)₂—O-2′group.

In certain embodiments, at least one internucleoside linkage of the modified oligonucleotide is a modified internucleoside linkage, such as a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.

In certain embodiments, at least one nucleobase of any of the foregoing modified oligonucleotides is a modified nucleobase, such as 5-methylcytosine.

In certain embodiments, any of the foregoing modified oligonucleotides has:

-   -   a gap segment consisting of linked 2′-deoxynucleosides;     -   a 5′ wing segment consisting of linked nucleosides; and     -   a 3′ wing segment consisting of linked nucleosides;

wherein the gap segment is positioned between the 5′ wing segment and the 3′ wing segment and wherein each nucleoside of each wing segment comprises a modified sugar. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 80 linked nucleosides and has a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence recited in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 or 36-2813. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 80 linked nucleosides and has a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence recited in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides and has a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence recited in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 or 36-2813. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides and has a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence recited in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 linked nucleosides and has a nucleobase sequence consisting of the nucleobase sequence recited in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 or 36-2813. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 linked nucleosides and has a nucleobase sequence consisting of the nucleobase sequence recited in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10.

In certain embodiments, a compound comprises or consists of a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleobases and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence recited in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 or 36-2813, wherein the modified oligonucleotide has:

-   -   a gap segment consisting of linked 2′-deoxynucleosides;     -   a 5′ wing segment consisting of linked nucleosides; and     -   a 3′ wing segment consisting of linked nucleosides;

wherein the gap segment is positioned between the 5′ wing segment and the 3′ wing segment and wherein each nucleoside of each wing segment comprises a modified sugar. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, a compound comprises or consists of a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleobases and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence recited in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10, wherein the modified oligonucleotide has:

-   -   a gap segment consisting of linked 2′-deoxynucleosides;     -   a 5′ wing segment consisting of linked nucleosides; and     -   a 3′ wing segment consisting of linked nucleosides;

wherein the gap segment is positioned between the 5′ wing segment and the 3′ wing segment and wherein each nucleoside of each wing segment comprises a modified sugar. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, a compound comprises or consists of a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleobases and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence recited in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813, wherein the modified oligonucleotide has:

a gap segment consisting of ten linked 2′-deoxynucleosides;

a 5′ wing segment consisting of three linked nucleosides; and

a 3′ wing segment consisting of three linked nucleosides;

wherein the gap segment is positioned between the 5′ wing segment and the 3′ wing segment; wherein each nucleoside of each wing segment comprises a cEt nucleoside; wherein each internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate linkage; and wherein each cytosine is 5-methylcytosine. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, a compound comprises or consists of a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleobases and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence recited in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-7, wherein the modified oligonucleotide has:

a gap segment consisting of ten linked 2′-deoxynucleosides;

a 5′ wing segment consisting of three linked nucleosides; and

a 3′ wing segment consisting of three linked nucleosides;

wherein the gap segment is positioned between the 5′ wing segment and the 3′ wing segment; wherein each nucleoside of each wing segment comprises a cEt nucleoside; wherein each internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate linkage; and wherein each cytosine is 5-methylcytosine. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, a compound comprises or consists of a modified oligonucleotide having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence recited in any of SEQ ID NOs: 8-10; wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises the sugar motif kkk-d-y-d(8)-kkk, wherein “k” indicates a cEt modified sugar moiety, “d” indicates an unmodified 2′-deoxyribosyl sugar moiety, and “y” indicates a 2′-O-methyl modified sugar moiety; wherein each internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate linkage; and wherein each cytosine is 5-methylcytosine. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, a compound comprises or consists of ION 1304884 having the nucleobase sequence and chemical motif: GksGksAksTdsUysAdsAdsTdsGdsTdsAdsGdsTdsGksTksAk (SEQ ID NO: 8), wherein “d” represents a 2′-deoxyribose sugar, “k” represents a cEt modified sugar, “y” represents a 2′-O-methyl modified sugar, “s” represents a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, and “mC” refers to 5-methylcytosine. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, a compound comprises or consists of ION 1304890 having the nucleobase sequence and chemical motif: GksGksTksTdsAysTdsAdsGdsmCdsTdsTdsGdsAdsmCksAksAk (SEQ ID NO: 9), wherein “d” represents a 2′-deoxyribose sugar, “k” represents a cEt modified sugar, “y” represents a 2′-O-methyl modified sugar, “s” represents a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, and “mC” refers to a 5-methylcytosine. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, a compound comprises or consists of ION 1304906 having the nucleobase sequence and chemical motif: GksmCksAksGdsAysTdsAdsAdsTdsGdsTdsTdsmCdsTksmCksAk (SEQ ID NO: 10), wherein “d” represents a 2′-deoxyribose sugar, “k” represents a cEt modified sugar, “y” represents a 2′-O-methyl modified sugar, “s” represents a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, and “mC” refers to 5-methylcytosine. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 linked nucleosides.

Certain embodiments provide a modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical structure:

or a salt thereof. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide is the sodium salt or potassium salt.

Certain embodiments provide a modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical structure:

Under certain conditions, certain compounds disclosed herein act as acids. Although such compounds may be drawn or described in protonated (free acid) form, or ionized and in association with a cation (salt) form, aqueous solutions of such compounds exist in equilibrium among such forms. For example, a phosphate linkage of an oligonucleotide in aqueous solution exists in equilibrium among free acid, anion and salt forms. Unless otherwise indicated, compounds described herein are intended to include all such forms. Moreover, certain oligonucleotides have several such linkages, each of which is in equilibrium. Thus, oligonucleotides in solution exist in an ensemble of forms at multiple positions all at equilibrium. Unless otherwise indicated, an oligonucleotide described herein and the term “oligonucleotide” are intended to include all such forms. Drawn structures necessarily depict a single form. Nevertheless, unless otherwise indicated, such drawings are likewise intended to include corresponding forms. Herein, a structure depicting the free acid of a compound followed by the term “or a salt thereof” expressly includes all such forms that may be fully or partially protonated/de-protonated/in association with a cation. In certain instances, one or more specific cation is identified.

In any of the foregoing embodiments, the compound or oligonucleotide can be at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% complementary to a nucleic acid encoding MALAT1.

In any of the foregoing embodiments, the compound can be single-stranded. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises deoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the compound is double-stranded. In certain embodiments, the compound is double-stranded and comprises ribonucleotides. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the compound can be an antisense compound or oligomeric compound.

In any of the foregoing embodiments, the compound can consisting of 8 to 80, 10 to 30, 12 to 50, 13 to 30, 13 to 50, 14 to 30, 14 to 50, 15 to 30, 15 to 50, 16 to 30, 16 to 50, 17 to 30, 17 to 50, 18 to 22, 18 to 24, 18 to 30, 18 to 50, 19 to 22, 19 to 30, 19 to 50, or 20 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises or consists of an oligonucleotide.

In certain embodiments, compounds or compositions provided herein comprise a salt of the modified oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, the salt is a sodium salt. In certain embodiments, the salt is a potassium salt.

In certain embodiments, the compounds or compositions as described herein are highly tolerable as demonstrated by having at least one of an increase an alanine transaminase (ALT) or aspartate transaminase (AST) value of no more than 4 fold, 3 fold, or 2 fold over saline treated animals or an increase in liver, spleen, or kidney weight of no more than 30%, 20%, 15%, 12%, 10%, 5%, or 2% compared to control treated animals. In certain embodiments, the compounds or compositions as described herein are highly tolerable as demonstrated by having no increase of ALT or AST over control treated animals. In certain embodiments, the compounds or compositions as described herein are highly tolerable as demonstrated by having no increase in liver, spleen, or kidney weight over control animals.

Certain embodiments provide a composition comprising the compound of any of the aforementioned embodiments or salt thereof and at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. In certain embodiments, the composition has a viscosity less than about 40 centipoise (cP), less than about 30 centipose (cP), less than about 20 centipose (cP), less than about 15 centipose (cP), or less than about 10 centipose (cP). In certain embodiments, the composition having any of the aforementioned viscosities comprises a compound provided herein at a concentration of about 100 mg/mL, about 125 mg/mL, about 150 mg/mL, about 175 mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, about 225 mg/mL, about 250 mg/mL, about 275 mg/mL, or about 300 mg/mL. In certain embodiments, the composition having any of the aforementioned viscosities and/or compound concentrations has a temperature of room temperature or about 20° C., about 21° C., about 22° C., about 23° C., about 24° C., about 25° C., about 26° C., about 27° C., about 28° C., about 29° C., or about 30° C.

Non-limiting numbered embodiments include:

E1. A compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide 8 to 80 linked nucleosides in length and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 8 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10.

E2. A compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide 9 to 80 linked nucleosides in length and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 9 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10.

E3. A compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide 10 to 80 linked nucleosides in length and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 10 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10.

E4. A compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide 11 to 80 linked nucleosides in length and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 11 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10.

E5. A compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide 12 to 80 linked nucleosides in length and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 12 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10.

E6. A compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide 16 to 80 linked nucleosides in length and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10.

E7. A compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide 16 linked nucleosides in length and having a nucleobase sequence consisting of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10.

E8. A compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide 8 to 80 linked nucleosides in length and complementary within nucleotides 1535-1550, 2034-2049, 2341-2356, 4821-4836, 4840-4855, 4931-4946, 5049-5064, 5494-5509, or 5495-5510 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

E9. The compound of any one of embodiments E1-E8, wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified internucleoside linkage, at least one modified sugar, or at least one modified nucleobase.

E10. The compound of embodiment E9, wherein the modified internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.

E11. The compound of embodiments E9 or E10, wherein the modified sugar is a bicyclic sugar.

E12. The compound of embodiment E11, wherein the bicyclic sugar is selected from the group consisting of: 4′-(CH₂)—O-2′ (LNA); 4′-(CH₂)₂—O-2′ (ENA); and 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′ (cEt).

E13. The compound of embodiments E9 or E10, wherein the modified sugar is 2′-O-methoxyethyl.

E14. The compound of any one of embodiments E9-E13, wherein the modified nucleobase is a 5-methylcytosine.

E15. The compound of any one of embodiments E1-E14, wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises:

a gap segment consisting of linked 2′-deoxynucleosides;

a 5′ wing segment consisting of linked nucleosides; and

a 3′ wing segment consisting of linked nucleosides;

wherein the gap segment is positioned between the 5′ wing segment and the 3′ wing segment and wherein each nucleoside of each wing segment comprises a modified sugar.

E16. A compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide 16 to 80 linked nucleosides in length and having a nucleobase sequence comprising any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10, wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises:

-   -   a gap segment consisting of linked 2′-deoxynucleosides;     -   a 5′ wing segment consisting of linked nucleosides; and     -   a 3′ wing segment consisting of linked nucleosides;

wherein the gap segment is positioned between the 5′ wing segment and the 3′ wing segment and wherein each nucleoside of each wing segment comprises a modified sugar.

E17. A compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide 16-80 linked nucleobases in length having a nucleobase sequence comprising the sequence recited in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-7, wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises:

a gap segment consisting of ten linked 2′-deoxynucleosides;

a 5′ wing segment consisting of three linked nucleosides; and

a 3′ wing segment consisting of three linked nucleosides;

wherein the gap segment is positioned between the 5′ wing segment and the 3′ wing segment; wherein each nucleoside of each wing segment comprises a cEt nucleoside; wherein each internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate linkage; and wherein each cytosine is a 5-methylcytosine.

E18. The compound of any one of embodiments E1-E17, wherein the oligonucleotide is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1.

E19. The compound of any one of embodiments E1-E18, wherein the compound is single-stranded.

E20. The compound of any one of embodiments E1-E18, wherein the compound is double-stranded.

E21. The compound of any one of embodiments E1-E20, wherein the compound comprises ribonucleotides.

E22. The compound of any one of embodiments E1-E20, wherein the compound comprises deoxyribonucleotides.

E23. The compound of any one of embodiments E1-E22, wherein the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides.

E24. The compound of any preceding embodiments, wherein the compound consists of the modified oligonucleotide.

E25. A compound consisting of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the compounds of embodiments E1-E24.

E26. The compound of embodiment 25, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a sodium salt.

E27. The compound of embodiment 26, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a potassium salt.

E28. A modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical structure:

or a salt thereof.

E29. The modified oligonucleotide of embodiment E28, wherein the modified oligonucleotide is the sodium salt or the potassium salt.

E30. A modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical structure:

E31. A composition comprising the compound of any one of embodiments E1-E27 or the modified oligonucleotide of any one of embodiments E28-E30 and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.

E32. A composition comprising the compound of any one of embodiments E1-E27 or the modified oligonucleotide of any one of embodiments E28-E30 and water.

E33. A composition comprising the compound of any one of embodiments E1-E27 or the modified oligonucleotide of any one of embodiments E28-E30 for use in therapy.

E34. A method of treating or ameliorating cancer in an individual comprising administering to the individual a compound targeted to MALAT1, thereby treating or ameliorating the cancer.

E35. The method of embodiment E34, wherein the compound is an antisense compound targeted to MALAT1.

E36. The method of embodiments E34 or E35, wherein the cancer is breast cancer; inflammatory breast cancer; breast ductal carcinoma; breast lobular carcinoma; luminal A breast cancer; luminal B breast cancer; basal-like breast cancer; HER2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer; HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor negative (ER−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor negative (PR−) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR negative (PR−) breast cancer; ER negative (ER−) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; ER−, PR−, and HER2− triple negative breast cancer (ER−, PR−, HER2−; TNBC); hormone receptor negative breast cancer (ER− and PR−); ER+, PR+, and HER2+ triple positive breast cancer (ER+, PR+, HER2+; TPBC); hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC); sarcomas (e.g. epitheloid, rhabdoid and synovial); esophageal cancer; gastric cancer; ovarian cancer; pancreatic cancer; lung cancer; non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC); squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); head and neck cancer; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); gastrointestinal cancer; large intestinal cancer; small intestinal cancer; stomach cancer; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; bladder cancer; liver cancer; biliary tract cancer; urothelial cancer; endometrial cancer; cervical cancer; prostate cancer; mesothelioma; chordoma; renal cancer; renal cell carcinoma (RCC); brain cancer; neuroblastoma; glioblastoma; skin cancer; melanoma; basal cell carcinoma; merkel cell carcinoma; blood cancer; hematopoetic cancer; myeloma; multiple myeloma (MM); B cell malignancies;

lymphoma; B cell lymphoma; Hodgkin lymphoma; T cell lymphoma; leukemia; or acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).

E37. The method of any of embodiments E34-E36, wherein administering the compound inhibits or reduces cancer cell proliferation, cancer cell migration, cancer cell branching morphogenesis, tumor progression, tumor growth, or metastasis.

E38. The method of any of embodiments E34-E37, wherein administering the compound increases or induces cancer cell differentiation, cancer cell adhesion, or tumor differentiation.

E39. The method of any of embodiments E34-E38, wherein administering the compound induces a cancer cell or tumor to have a cystic, ductular, or acinar phenotype or morphology.

E40. The method of any of embodiments E34-E39, wherein administering the compound induces a cancer cell or tumor to have a more differentiated phenotype or structure.

E41. The method of embodiment E40, wherein the more differentiated phenotype or structure comprises presence of secretory lipid droplets, increased desmosomal structures, polarized ductal structures, or increased levels of E-cadherin or casein.

E42. A method of inhibiting expression of MALAT1 in a cancer cell comprising contacting the cancer cell with a compound targeted to MALAT1, thereby inhibiting expression of MALAT1 in the cancer cell.

E43. The method of embodiment E42, wherein the cancer is breast cancer; inflammatory breast cancer; breast ductal carcinoma; breast lobular carcinoma; luminal A breast cancer; luminal B breast cancer; basal-like breast cancer; HER2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer; HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer;

Estrogen Receptor negative (ER−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor negative (PR−) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR negative (PR−) breast cancer; ER negative (ER−) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; ER−, PR−, and HER2− triple negative breast cancer (ER−, PR−, HER2−; TNBC); hormone receptor negative breast cancer (ER− and PR−); ER+, PR+, and HER2+ triple positive breast cancer (ER+, PR+, HER2+; TPBC); hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC); sarcomas (e.g. epitheloid, rhabdoid and synovial); esophageal cancer; gastric cancer; ovarian cancer; pancreatic cancer; lung cancer; non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC); squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); head and neck cancer; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); gastrointestinal cancer; large intestinal cancer; small intestinal cancer; stomach cancer; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; bladder cancer; liver cancer; biliary tract cancer; urothelial cancer; endometrial cancer; cervical cancer; prostate cancer; mesothelioma; chordoma; renal cancer; renal cell carcinoma (RCC); brain cancer; neuroblastoma; glioblastoma; skin cancer; melanoma; basal cell carcinoma; merkel cell carcinoma; blood cancer; hematopoetic cancer; myeloma; multiple myeloma (MM); B cell malignancies; lymphoma; B cell lymphoma; Hodgkin lymphoma; T cell lymphoma; leukemia; or acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).

E44. A method of reducing or inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, cancer cell migration, cancer cell branching morphogenesis, tumor progression, tumor growth, or metastasis in an individual having cancer comprising administering a compound targeted to MALAT1 to the individual, thereby reducing or inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, cancer cell migration, cancer cell branching morphogenesis, tumor progression, tumor growth, or metastasis in the individual.

E45. A method of increasing or inducing cancer cell differentiation, cancer cell adhesion, or tumor differentiation in an individual having cancer comprising administering a compound targeted to MALAT1 to the individual, thereby increasing or inducing cancer cell differentiation, cancer cell adhesion, or tumor differentiation in the individual.

E46. A method of inducing a cancer cell or tumor to have a cystic, ductular, or acinar phenotype or morphology in an individual having cancer comprising administering a compound targeted to MALAT1 to the individual, thereby inducing the cancer cell or tumor to have a cystic, ductular, or acinar phenotype or morphology.

E47. A method of inducing a cancer cell or tumor to have a more differentiated phenotype or structure comprising administering a compound targeted to MALAT1 to the individual, thereby inducing the cancer cell or tumor to have a more differentiated phenotype or structure.

E48. The method of embodiment E47, wherein the more differentiated phenotype or structure comprises presence of secretory lipid droplets, increased desmosomal structures, polarized ductal structures, or increased levels of E-cadherin or casein.

E49. The method of any of embodiments E44-E48, wherein the individual has breast cancer; inflammatory breast cancer; breast ductal carcinoma; breast lobular carcinoma; luminal A breast cancer; luminal B breast cancer; basal-like breast cancer; HER2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer; HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor negative (ER−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor negative (PR−) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR negative (PR−) breast cancer; ER negative (ER−) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; ER−, PR−, and HER2− triple negative breast cancer (ER−, PR−, HER2−; TNBC); hormone receptor negative breast cancer (ER− and PR−); ER+, PR+, and HER2+ triple positive breast cancer (ER+, PR+, HER2+; TPBC); hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC); sarcomas (e.g. epitheloid, rhabdoid and synovial); esophageal cancer; gastric cancer; ovarian cancer; pancreatic cancer; lung cancer; non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC); squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); head and neck cancer; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); gastrointestinal cancer; large intestinal cancer; small intestinal cancer; stomach cancer; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; bladder cancer; liver cancer; biliary tract cancer; urothelial cancer; endometrial cancer; cervical cancer; prostate cancer; mesothelioma; chordoma; renal cancer; renal cell carcinoma (RCC); brain cancer; neuroblastoma; glioblastoma; skin cancer; melanoma; basal cell carcinoma; merkel cell carcinoma; blood cancer; hematopoetic cancer; myeloma; multiple myeloma (MM); B cell malignancies; lymphoma; B cell lymphoma; Hodgkin lymphoma; T cell lymphoma; leukemia; or acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).

E50. The method of any one of embodiments E34-E49, wherein the compound is an antisense compound targeted to MALAT1.

E51. The method of any one of embodiments E34-E49, wherein the compound is the compound of any one of embodiments E1-E27, the modified oligonucleotide of any one of embodiments E28-E30, or the composition of embodiment E31 or E32.

E52. The method of any of embodiments E34-E51, wherein the compound is administered parenterally.

E53. Use of a compound targeted to MALAT1 for treating, preventing, or ameliorating a cancer associated with MALAT1.

E54. The use of embodiment E53, wherein the cancer is breast cancer; inflammatory breast cancer; breast ductal carcinoma; breast lobular carcinoma; luminal A breast cancer; luminal B breast cancer; basal-like breast cancer; HER2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer; HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor negative (ER−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor negative (PR−) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR negative (PR−) breast cancer; ER negative (ER−) and

PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; ER−, PR−, and HER2− triple negative breast cancer (ER−, PR−, HER2−; TNBC); hormone receptor negative breast cancer (ER− and PR−); ER+, PR+, and HER2+ triple positive breast cancer (ER+, PR+, HER2+; TPBC); hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC); sarcomas (e.g. epitheloid, rhabdoid and synovial); esophageal cancer; gastric cancer; ovarian cancer; pancreatic cancer; lung cancer; non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC); squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); head and neck cancer; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); gastrointestinal cancer; large intestinal cancer; small intestinal cancer; stomach cancer; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; bladder cancer; liver cancer; biliary tract cancer; urothelial cancer; endometrial cancer; cervical cancer; prostate cancer; mesothelioma; chordoma; renal cancer; renal cell carcinoma (RCC); brain cancer; neuroblastoma; glioblastoma; skin cancer; melanoma; basal cell carcinoma; merkel cell carcinoma; blood cancer; hematopoetic cancer; myeloma; multiple myeloma (MM); B cell malignancies; lymphoma; B cell lymphoma; Hodgkin lymphoma; T cell lymphoma; leukemia; or acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).

E55. The use of embodiment E53 or E54, wherein the compound is an antisense compound targeted to MALAT1.

E56. The use of any one of embodiments E53-E55, wherein the compound is the compound of any one of embodiments E1-E27, the modified oligonucleotide of any one of embodiments E28-E30, or the composition of embodiment E31 or E32.

E57. Use of a compound targeted to MALAT1 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or ameliorating a cancer associated with MALAT1.

E58. The use of embodiment E57, wherein the cancer is breast cancer; inflammatory breast cancer;

breast ductal carcinoma; breast lobular carcinoma; luminal A breast cancer; luminal B breast cancer; basal-like breast cancer; HER2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer; HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor negative (ER−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor negative (PR−) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR negative (PR−) breast cancer; ER negative (ER−) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; ER−, PR−, and HER2− triple negative breast cancer (ER−, PR−, HER2−; TNBC); hormone receptor negative breast cancer (ER− and PR−); ER+, PR+, and HER2+ triple positive breast cancer (ER+, PR+, HER2+; TPBC); hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC); sarcomas (e.g. epitheloid, rhabdoid and synovial); esophageal cancer; gastric cancer; ovarian cancer; pancreatic cancer; lung cancer; non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC); squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); head and neck cancer; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); gastrointestinal cancer; large intestinal cancer; small intestinal cancer; stomach cancer; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; bladder cancer; liver cancer; biliary tract cancer; urothelial cancer; endometrial cancer; cervical cancer; prostate cancer; mesothelioma; chordoma; renal cancer; renal cell carcinoma (RCC); brain cancer; neuroblastoma; glioblastoma; skin cancer; melanoma; basal cell carcinoma; merkel cell carcinoma; blood cancer; hematopoetic cancer; myeloma; multiple myeloma (MM); B cell malignancies; lymphoma; B cell lymphoma; Hodgkin lymphoma; T cell lymphoma; leukemia; or acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).

E59. The use of embodiment E57 or E58, wherein the compound is an antisense compound targeted to MALAT1.

E60. The use of any one of embodiments E57-E59, wherein the compound is the compound of any one of embodiments E1-E27, the modified oligonucleotide of any one of embodiments E28-E30, or the composition of embodiment E31 or E32.

E61. Use of a compound targeted to MALAT1 in the preparation of a medicament for treating or ameliorating a cancer associated with MALAT1.

E62. The use of embodiment E61, wherein the cancer is breast cancer; inflammatory breast cancer; breast ductal carcinoma; breast lobular carcinoma; luminal A breast cancer; luminal B breast cancer; basal-like breast cancer; HER2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer; HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor negative (ER−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor negative (PR−) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR negative (PR−) breast cancer; ER negative (ER−) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; ER−, PR−, and HER2− triple negative breast cancer (ER−, PR−, HER2−; TNBC); hormone receptor negative breast cancer (ER− and PR−); ER+, PR+, and HER2+ triple positive breast cancer (ER+, PR+, HER2+; TPBC); hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC); sarcomas (e.g. epitheloid, rhabdoid and synovial); esophageal cancer; gastric cancer; ovarian cancer; pancreatic cancer; lung cancer; non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC); squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); head and neck cancer; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); gastrointestinal cancer; large intestinal cancer; small intestinal cancer; stomach cancer; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; bladder cancer; liver cancer; biliary tract cancer; urothelial cancer; endometrial cancer; cervical cancer; prostate cancer; mesothelioma; chordoma; renal cancer; renal cell carcinoma (RCC); brain cancer; neuroblastoma; glioblastoma; skin cancer; melanoma; basal cell carcinoma; merkel cell carcinoma; blood cancer; hematopoetic cancer; myeloma; multiple myeloma (MM); B cell malignancies; lymphoma; B cell lymphoma; Hodgkin lymphoma; T cell lymphoma; leukemia; or acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).

E63. The use of embodiment E61 or E62, wherein the compound is an antisense compound targeted to MALAT1.

E64. The use of any one of embodiments E61-E63, wherein the compound is the compound of any one of embodiments E1-E27, the modified oligonucleotide of any one of embodiments E28-E30, or the composition of embodiment E31 or E32.

Certain Indications

Certain embodiments provided herein relate to methods of inhibiting MALAT1 expression, which can be useful for treating, preventing, or ameliorating a cancer associated with MALAT1 in an individual, by administration of a compound that targets MALAT1. In certain embodiments, the compound can be a MALAT1 specific inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the compound can be an antisense compound, oligomeric compound, or oligonucleotide targeted to MALAT1.

Examples of cancers associated with MALAT1 treatable, preventable, and/or ameliorable with the compounds and methods provided herein include breast cancer; inflammatory breast cancer; breast ductal carcinoma; breast lobular carcinoma; luminal A breast cancer; luminal B breast cancer; basal-like breast cancer; HER2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer; HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor negative (ER−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor negative (PR−) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR negative (PR−) breast cancer; ER negative (ER−) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; ER−, PR−, and HER2− triple negative breast cancer (ER−, PR−, HER2−; TNBC); hormone receptor negative breast cancer (ER− and PR−); ER+, PR+, and HER2+ triple positive breast cancer (ER+, PR+, HER2+; TPBC); hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC); sarcomas (e.g. epitheloid, rhabdoid and synovial); esophageal cancer; gastric cancer; ovarian cancer; pancreatic cancer; lung cancer; non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC); squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); head and neck cancer; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); gastrointestinal cancer; large intestinal cancer; small intestinal cancer; stomach cancer; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; bladder cancer; liver cancer; biliary tract cancer; urothelial cancer; endometrial cancer; cervical cancer; prostate cancer; mesothelioma; chordoma; renal cancer; renal cell carcinoma (RCC); brain cancer; neuroblastoma; glioblastoma; skin cancer; melanoma; basal cell carcinoma; merkel cell carcinoma; blood cancer; hematopoetic cancer; myeloma; multiple myeloma (MM); B cell malignancies; lymphoma; B cell lymphoma; Hodgkin lymphoma; T cell lymphoma; leukemia; or acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).

In certain embodiments, the breast cancer has one or more of the following characteristics: Androgen Receptor positive, dependent on androgen for growth; Estrogen Receptor (ER) negative, independent of estrogen for growth; Progesterone Receptor (PR) negative, independent of progesterone for growth; or Her2/neu negative. In certain embodiments, the breast cancer is ER, PR, and HER2 triple negative (ER−, PR−, HER2−). In certain embodiments, the breast cancer is triple negative and AR positive (ER−, PR−, HER2−, AR+). In certain embodiments, the breast cancer is ER negative and AR positive (ER−, AR+). In certain embodiments, the breast cancer is ER positive and AR positive (ER+, AR+). In certain embodiments, the breast cancer is apocrine. Apocrine breast cancers are often “triple negative”, meaning that the cells do not express ER, PR, or HER2 receptors, and usually, but not necessarily, AR positive. In certain embodiments, an apocrine breast cancer is ER, PR, and HER2 triple negative and AR positive (ER−, PR−, HER2−, AR+). In certain embodiments, an apocrine breast cancer is ER negative and AR positive (ER−, AR+). In certain embodiments, an apocrine breast cancer originates from the sweat gland of the breast. In certain embodiments, an apocrine breast cancer is a ductal cancer or cancer cell of the breast. In certain embodiments, an apocrine breast cancer can have any one or more of the following features: a large amount of eosinophilic granular cytoplasm, well-defined margins, large vesicular nuclei, a nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio of about 1:2, and/or accumulations of secreted granules in the apical cytoplasm known as apical snouts. In certain embodiments, the breast cancer is an ER negative and AR positive (ER−, AR+) molecular apocrine breast cancer. In certain aspects, an ER negative and AR positive (ER−, AR+) molecular apocrine breast cancer can further be PR positive, PR negative, HER2 negative, or HER2 positive. In certain embodiments, the breast cancer is HER2 positive. In certain embodiments, the breast cancer is PR positive. In certain embodiments, the breast cancer is ER positive. Breast cancer can be identified as positive or negative with respect to hormone receptors, such as ER, PR, or HER2 by standard histological techniques. For example, in some embodiments histological breast cancer samples can be classified as “triple negative” (ER−, PR−, HER2−) when less than 1% of cells demonstrate nuclear staining for estrogen and progesterone receptors, and immunohistochemical staining for HER2 shows a 0, 1-fold, or a 2-fold positive score and a FISH ratio (HER2 gene signals to chromosome 17 signals) of less than 1.8 according to the relevant ASCO and CAP guidelines. (Meyer, P. et al., PLoS ONE 7(5): e38361 (2012)).

In certain embodiments, the B-cell lymphoma is a non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma. Examples of non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma of certain embodiments that can be treated with compounds provided herein include, but are not limited to, diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), activated B-cell lymphoma (ABC-DLBCL), germinal center B-cell lymphoma (GCB DLBCL), follicular lymphoma, mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue lymphoma (MALT), small cell lymphocytic lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), Burkitt lymphoma, mediastinal large B cell lymphoma, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma (NMZL), splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL), intravascular large B-cell lymphoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and lymphomatoid granulomatosis.

In certain embodiments, the T-cell lymphoma that can be treated with compounds provided herein include, but are not limited to, peripheral T-cell lymphoma, and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL).

In certain embodiments, the leukemia that can be treated with compounds provided herein includes, but is not limited to, acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).

In certain embodiments, a method of treating, preventing, or ameliorating a cancer associated with MALAT1 in an individual comprises administering to the individual a compound comprising a MALAT1 specific inhibitor, thereby treating, preventing, or ameliorating the cancer. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises an antisense compound targeted to MALAT1. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises an oligonucleotide targeted to MALAT1. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 8 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 8 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide can consist of 10 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the compound is ION 1157034, 1157111, 1157190, 1157929, 1158161, 1158162, 1304884, 1304890, or 1304906. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the compound can be single-stranded or double-stranded. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the compound can be an antisense compound or oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, the compound is administered to the individual parenterally. In certain embodiments, administering the compound inhibits or reduces cancer cell proliferation, cancer cell migration, cancer cell branching morphogenesis, tumor progression, tumor growth, or metastasis. In certain embodiments, administering the compound increases or induces cancer cell differentiation, cancer cell adhesion, or tumor differentiation. In certain embodiments, administering the compound induces a breast cancer cell or breast tumor to have a cystic, ductular, or acinar phenotype or morphology. In certain embodiments, administering the compound induces a breast cancer cell or breast tumor to have a more differentiated phenotype or structure. In certain embodiments, the more differentiated phenotype or structure includes, but is not limited to, presence of secretory lipid droplets, increased desmosomal structures, polarized ductal structures, or increased levels of differentiation markers such as E-cadherin or milk proteins such as casein.

In certain embodiments, a method of treating or ameliorating cancer comprises administering to the individual a compound comprising a MALAT1 specific inhibitor, thereby treating or ameliorating the cancer. In certain embodiments, the cancer is breast cancer; inflammatory breast cancer; breast ductal carcinoma; breast lobular carcinoma; luminal A breast cancer; luminal B breast cancer; basal-like breast cancer; HER2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer; HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor negative (ER−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor negative (PR−) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR negative (PR−) breast cancer; ER negative (ER−) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; ER−, PR−, and HER2− triple negative breast cancer (ER−, PR−, HER2−; TNBC); hormone receptor negative breast cancer (ER− and PR−); ER+, PR+, and HER2+ triple positive breast cancer (ER+, PR+, HER2+; TPBC); hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC); sarcomas (e.g. epitheloid, rhabdoid and synovial); esophageal cancer; gastric cancer; ovarian cancer; pancreatic cancer; lung cancer; non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC); squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); head and neck cancer; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); gastrointestinal cancer; large intestinal cancer; small intestinal cancer; stomach cancer; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; bladder cancer; liver cancer; biliary tract cancer; urothelial cancer; endometrial cancer; cervical cancer; prostate cancer; mesothelioma; chordoma; renal cancer; renal cell carcinoma (RCC); brain cancer; neuroblastoma; glioblastoma; skin cancer; melanoma; basal cell carcinoma; merkel cell carcinoma; blood cancer; hematopoetic cancer; myeloma; multiple myeloma (MM); B cell malignancies; lymphoma; B cell lymphoma; Hodgkin lymphoma; T cell lymphoma; leukemia; or acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). In certain embodiments, the compound comprises an antisense compound targeted to MALAT1. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises an oligonucleotide targeted to MALAT1. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 8 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 8 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide can consist of 10 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the compound is ION 1157034, 1157111, 1157190, 1157929, 1158161, 1158162, 1304884, 1304890, or 1304906. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the compound can be single-stranded or double-stranded. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the compound can be an antisense compound or oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, the compound is administered to the individual parenterally. In certain embodiments, administering the compound inhibits or reduces cancer cell proliferation, cancer cell migration, cancer cell branching morphogenesis, tumor progression, tumor growth, or metastasis. In certain embodiments, administering the compound increases or induces cancer cell differentiation, cancer cell adhesion, or tumor differentiation. In certain embodiments, administering the compound induces a breast cancer cell or breast tumor to have a cystic, ductular, or acinar phenotype or morphology. In certain embodiments, administering the compound induces a breast cancer cell or breast tumor to have a more differentiated phenotype or structure. In certain embodiments, the more differentiated phenotype or structure includes, but is not limited to, presence of secretory lipid droplets, increased desmosomal structures, polarized ductal structures, or increased levels of differentiation markers such as E-cadherin or milk proteins such as casein.

In certain embodiments, the individual is identified as having or at risk of having a cancer associated with MALAT1.

In certain embodiments, a method of inhibiting expression of MALAT1 in an individual having, or at risk of having, a cancer associated with MALAT1 comprises administering to the individual a compound comprising a MALAT1 specific inhibitor, thereby inhibiting expression of MALAT1 in the individual. In certain embodiments, administering the compound inhibits expression of MALAT1 in the breast. In certain embodiments, the individual has, or is at risk of having breast cancer; inflammatory breast cancer; breast ductal carcinoma; breast lobular carcinoma; luminal A breast cancer; luminal B breast cancer; basal-like breast cancer; HER2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer; HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor negative (ER−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor negative (PR−) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR negative (PR−) breast cancer; ER negative (ER−) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; ER−, PR−, and HER2− triple negative breast cancer (ER−, PR−, HER2−; TNBC); hormone receptor negative breast cancer (ER− and PR−); ER+, PR+, and HER2+ triple positive breast cancer (ER+, PR+, HER2+; TPBC); hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC); sarcomas (e.g. epitheloid, rhabdoid and synovial); esophageal cancer; gastric cancer; ovarian cancer; pancreatic cancer; lung cancer; non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC); squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); head and neck cancer; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); gastrointestinal cancer; large intestinal cancer; small intestinal cancer; stomach cancer; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; bladder cancer; liver cancer; biliary tract cancer; urothelial cancer; endometrial cancer; cervical cancer; prostate cancer; mesothelioma; chordoma; renal cancer; renal cell carcinoma (RCC); brain cancer; neuroblastoma; glioblastoma; skin cancer; melanoma; basal cell carcinoma; merkel cell carcinoma; blood cancer; hematopoetic cancer; myeloma; multiple myeloma (MM); B cell malignancies; lymphoma; B cell lymphoma; Hodgkin lymphoma; T cell lymphoma; leukemia; or acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). In certain embodiments, the compound comprises an antisense compound targeted to MALAT1. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises an oligonucleotide targeted to MALAT1. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 8 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 8 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide can consist of 10 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the compound is ION 1157034, 1157111, 1157190, 1157929, 1158161, 1158162, 1304884, 1304890, or 1304906. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the compound can be single-stranded or double-stranded. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the compound can be an antisense compound or oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, the compound is administered to the individual parenterally. In certain embodiments, administering the compound inhibits or reduces cancer cell proliferation, cancer cell migration, cancer cell branching morphogenesis, tumor progression, tumor growth, or metastasis. In certain embodiments, administering the compound increases or induces cancer cell differentiation, cancer cell adhesion, or tumor differentiation. In certain embodiments, administering the compound induces a breast cancer cell or breast tumor to have a cystic, ductular, or acinar phenotype or morphology. In certain embodiments, administering the compound induces a breast cancer cell or breast tumor to have a more differentiated phenotype or structure. In certain embodiments, the more differentiated phenotype or structure includes, but is not limited to, presence of secretory lipid droplets, increased desmosomal structures, polarized ductal structures, or increased levels of differentiation markers such as E-cadherin or milk proteins such as casein.

In certain embodiments, the individual is identified as having or at risk of having a cancer associated with MALAT1.

In certain embodiments, a method of inhibiting expression of MALAT1 in a cell comprises contacting the cell with a compound comprising a MALAT1 specific inhibitor, thereby inhibiting expression of MALAT1 in the cell. In certain embodiments, the cell is a cancer cell. In certain embodiments, the cell is a breast cell. In certain embodiments, the cell is in the breast. In certain embodiments, the cell is in the breast of an individual who has, or is at risk of having cancer, such as breast cancer; inflammatory breast cancer; breast ductal carcinoma; breast lobular carcinoma; luminal A breast cancer; luminal B breast cancer; basal-like breast cancer; HER2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer; HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor negative (ER−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor negative (PR−) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR negative (PR−) breast cancer; ER negative (ER−) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; ER−, PR−, and HER2− triple negative breast cancer (ER−, PR−, HER2−; TNBC); hormone receptor negative breast cancer (ER− and PR−); ER+, PR+, and HER2+ triple positive breast cancer (ER+, PR+, HER2+; TPBC); hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC); sarcomas (e.g. epitheloid, rhabdoid and synovial); esophageal cancer; gastric cancer; ovarian cancer; pancreatic cancer; lung cancer; non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC); squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); head and neck cancer; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); gastrointestinal cancer; large intestinal cancer; small intestinal cancer; stomach cancer; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; bladder cancer; liver cancer; biliary tract cancer; urothelial cancer; endometrial cancer; cervical cancer; prostate cancer; mesothelioma; chordoma; renal cancer; renal cell carcinoma (RCC); brain cancer; neuroblastoma; glioblastoma; skin cancer; melanoma; basal cell carcinoma; merkel cell carcinoma; blood cancer; hematopoetic cancer; myeloma; multiple myeloma (MM); B cell malignancies; lymphoma; B cell lymphoma; Hodgkin lymphoma; T cell lymphoma; leukemia; or acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). In certain embodiments, the compound comprises an antisense compound targeted to MALAT1. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises an oligonucleotide targeted to MALAT1. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 8 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 8 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide can consist of 10 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the compound is ION 1157034, 1157111, 1157190, 1157929, 1158161, 1158162, 1304884, 1304890, or 1304906. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the compound can be single-stranded or double-stranded. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the compound can be an antisense compound or oligomeric compound.

In certain embodiments, a method of reducing or inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, cancer cell migration, cancer cell branching morphogenesis, tumor progression, tumor growth, or metastasis of an individual having, or at risk of having, a cancer associated with MALAT1 comprises administering to the individual a compound comprising a MALAT1 specific inhibitor, thereby reducing or inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, cancer cell migration, cancer cell branching morphogenesis, tumor progression, tumor growth, or metastasis in the individual. In certain embodiments, a method of increasing or inducing cancer cell differentiation, cancer cell adhesion, or tumor differentiation of an individual having, or at risk of having, a cancer associated with MALAT1 comprises administering to the individual a compound comprising a MALAT1 specific inhibitor, thereby increasing or inducing cancer cell differentiation, cancer cell adhesion, or tumor differentiation in the individual. In certain embodiments, administering the compound induces a breast cancer cell or breast tumor to have a cystic, ductular, or acinar phenotype or morphology. In certain embodiments, administering the compound induces a breast cancer cell or breast tumor to have a more differentiated phenotype or structure. In certain embodiments, the more differentiated phenotype or structure includes, but is not limited to, presence of secretory lipid droplets, increased desmosomal structures, polarized ductal structures, or increased levels of differentiation markers such as E-cadherin or milk proteins such as casein. In certain embodiments, the individual has, or is at risk of having, breast cancer; inflammatory breast cancer; breast ductal carcinoma; breast lobular carcinoma; luminal A breast cancer; luminal B breast cancer; basal-like breast cancer; HER2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer; HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor negative (ER−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor negative (PR−) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR negative (PR−) breast cancer; ER negative (ER−) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; ER−, PR−, and HER2− triple negative breast cancer (ER−, PR−, HER2−; TNBC); hormone receptor negative breast cancer (ER− and PR−); ER+, PR+, and HER2+ triple positive breast cancer (ER+, PR+, HER2+; TPBC); hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC); sarcomas (e.g. epitheloid, rhabdoid and synovial); esophageal cancer; gastric cancer; ovarian cancer; pancreatic cancer; lung cancer; non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC); squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); head and neck cancer; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); gastrointestinal cancer; large intestinal cancer; small intestinal cancer; stomach cancer; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; bladder cancer; liver cancer; biliary tract cancer; urothelial cancer; endometrial cancer; cervical cancer; prostate cancer; mesothelioma; chordoma; renal cancer; renal cell carcinoma (RCC); brain cancer; neuroblastoma; glioblastoma; skin cancer; melanoma; basal cell carcinoma; merkel cell carcinoma; blood cancer; hematopoetic cancer; myeloma; multiple myeloma (MM); B cell malignancies; lymphoma; B cell lymphoma; Hodgkin lymphoma; T cell lymphoma; leukemia; or acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). In certain embodiments, the compound comprises an antisense compound targeted to MALAT1. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises an oligonucleotide targeted to MALAT1. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 8 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 8 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide can consist of 10 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the compound is ION 1157034, 1157111, 1157190, 1157929, 1158161, 1158162, 1304884, 1304890, or 1304906. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the compound can be single-stranded or double-stranded. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the compound can be an antisense compound or oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, the compound is administered to the individual parenterally. In certain embodiments, the individual is identified as having or at risk of having a cancer associated with MALAT1.

Certain embodiments are drawn to a compound comprising a MALAT1 specific inhibitor for use in treating cancer. In certain embodiments, the cancer is breast cancer; inflammatory breast cancer; breast ductal carcinoma; breast lobular carcinoma; luminal A breast cancer; luminal B breast cancer; basal-like breast cancer; HER2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer; HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor negative (ER−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor negative (PR−) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR negative (PR−) breast cancer; ER negative (ER−) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; ER−, PR−, and HER2− triple negative breast cancer (ER−, PR−, HER2−; TNBC); hormone receptor negative breast cancer (ER− and PR−); ER+, PR+, and HER2+ triple positive breast cancer (ER+, PR+, HER2+; TPBC); hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC);

sarcomas (e.g. epitheloid, rhabdoid and synovial); esophageal cancer; gastric cancer; ovarian cancer; pancreatic cancer; lung cancer; non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC); squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); head and neck cancer; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); gastrointestinal cancer; large intestinal cancer; small intestinal cancer; stomach cancer; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; bladder cancer; liver cancer; biliary tract cancer; urothelial cancer; endometrial cancer; cervical cancer; prostate cancer; mesothelioma; chordoma; renal cancer; renal cell carcinoma (RCC); brain cancer; neuroblastoma; glioblastoma; skin cancer; melanoma; basal cell carcinoma; merkel cell carcinoma; blood cancer; hematopoetic cancer; myeloma; multiple myeloma (MM); B cell malignancies; lymphoma; B cell lymphoma; Hodgkin lymphoma; T cell lymphoma; leukemia; or acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). In certain embodiments, the compound comprises an antisense compound targeted to MALAT1. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises an oligonucleotide targeted to MALAT1. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 8 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:

2-10. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 8 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide can consist of 10 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the compound is ION 1157034, 1157111, 1157190, 1157929, 1158161, 1158162, 1304884, 1304890, or 1304906. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the compound can be single-stranded or double-stranded. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the compound can be an antisense compound or oligomeric compound.

Certain embodiments are drawn to a compound comprising a MALAT1 specific inhibitor for use in reducing or inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, cancer cell migration, cancer cell branching morphogenesis, tumor progression, tumor growth, or metastasis in an individual having cancer. Certain embodiments are drawn to a compound comprising a MALAT1 specific inhibitor for use in increasing or inducing cancer cell differentiation, cancer cell adhesion, or tumor differentiation in an individual having cancer. In certain embodiments, administering the compound induces a breast cancer cell or breast tumor to have a cystic, ductular, or acinar phenotype or morphology. In certain embodiments, administering the compound induces a breast cancer cell or breast tumor to have a more differentiated phenotype or structure. In certain embodiments, the more differentiated phenotype or structure includes, but is not limited to, presence of secretory lipid droplets, increased desmosomal structures, polarized ductal structures, or increased levels of differentiation markers such as E-cadherin or milk proteins such as casein. In certain embodiments, the cancer is breast cancer; inflammatory breast cancer; breast ductal carcinoma; breast lobular carcinoma; luminal A breast cancer; luminal B breast cancer; basal-like breast cancer; HER2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer; HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor negative (ER−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor negative (PR−) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR negative (PR−) breast cancer; ER negative (ER−) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; ER−, PR−, and HER2− triple negative breast cancer (ER−, PR−, HER2−; TNBC); hormone receptor negative breast cancer (ER− and PR−); ER+, PR+, and HER2+ triple positive breast cancer (ER+, PR+, HER2+; TPBC); hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC); sarcomas (e.g. epitheloid, rhabdoid and synovial); esophageal cancer; gastric cancer; ovarian cancer; pancreatic cancer; lung cancer; non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC); squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); head and neck cancer; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); gastrointestinal cancer; large intestinal cancer; small intestinal cancer; stomach cancer; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; bladder cancer; liver cancer; biliary tract cancer; urothelial cancer; endometrial cancer; cervical cancer; prostate cancer; mesothelioma; chordoma; renal cancer; renal cell carcinoma (RCC); brain cancer; neuroblastoma; glioblastoma; skin cancer; melanoma;

basal cell carcinoma; merkel cell carcinoma; blood cancer; hematopoetic cancer; myeloma; multiple myeloma (MM); B cell malignancies; lymphoma; B cell lymphoma; Hodgkin lymphoma; T cell lymphoma; leukemia;

or acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). In certain embodiments, the compound comprises an antisense compound targeted to MALAT1. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises an oligonucleotide targeted to MALAT1. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 8 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10.

In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 8 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide can consist of 10 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the compound is ION 1157034, 1157111, 1157190, 1157929, 1158161, 1158162, 1304884, 1304890, or 1304906. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the compound can be single-stranded or double-stranded. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the compound can be an antisense compound or oligomeric compound.

Certain embodiments are drawn to use of a compound comprising a MALAT1 specific inhibitor for the manufacture or preparation of a medicament for treating cancer. Certain embodiments are drawn to use of a compound comprising a MALAT1 specific inhibitor for the preparation of a medicament for treating a cancer associated with MALAT1. In certain embodiments, the cancer is breast cancer; inflammatory breast cancer; breast ductal carcinoma; breast lobular carcinoma; luminal A breast cancer; luminal B breast cancer; basal-like breast cancer; HER2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer; HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor negative (ER−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor negative (PR−) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR negative (PR−) breast cancer; ER negative (ER−) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; ER−, PR−, and HER2− triple negative breast cancer (ER−, PR−, HER2−; TNBC); hormone receptor negative breast cancer (ER− and PR−); ER+, PR+, and HER2+ triple positive breast cancer (ER+, PR+, HER2+; TPBC); hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC); sarcomas (e.g. epitheloid, rhabdoid and synovial); esophageal cancer; gastric cancer; ovarian cancer; pancreatic cancer; lung cancer; non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC); squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); head and neck cancer; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); gastrointestinal cancer; large intestinal cancer; small intestinal cancer; stomach cancer; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; bladder cancer; liver cancer; biliary tract cancer; urothelial cancer; endometrial cancer; cervical cancer; prostate cancer; mesothelioma; chordoma; renal cancer; renal cell carcinoma (RCC); brain cancer; neuroblastoma; glioblastoma; skin cancer; melanoma; basal cell carcinoma; merkel cell carcinoma; blood cancer; hematopoetic cancer; myeloma; multiple myeloma (MM); B cell malignancies; lymphoma; B cell lymphoma; Hodgkin lymphoma; T cell lymphoma; leukemia; or acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). In certain embodiments, the compound comprises an antisense compound targeted to MALAT1. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises an oligonucleotide targeted to MALAT1. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 8 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 8 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide can consist of 10 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the compound is ION 1157034, 1157111, 1157190, 1157929, 1158161, 1158162, 1304884, 1304890, or 1304906. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the compound can be single-stranded or double-stranded. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the compound can be an antisense compound or oligomeric compound.

Certain embodiments are drawn to use of a compound comprising a MALAT1 specific inhibitor for the manufacture or preparation of a medicament for reducing or inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, cancer cell migration, cancer cell branching morphogenesis, tumor progression, tumor growth, or metastasis in an individual having cancer. Certain embodiments are drawn to use of a compound comprising a MALAT1 specific inhibitor for the manufacture or preparation of a medicament for increasing or inducing cancer cell differentiation, cancer cell adhesion, or tumor differentiation in an individual having cancer. In certain embodiments, administering the compound induces a breast cancer cell or breast tumor to have a cystic, ductular, or acinar phenotype or morphology. In certain embodiments, administering the compound induces a breast cancer cell or breast tumor to have a more differentiated phenotype or structure. In certain embodiments, the more differentiated phenotype or structure includes, but is not limited to, presence of secretory lipid droplets, increased desmosomal structures, polarized ductal structures, or increased levels of differentiation markers such as E-cadherin or milk proteins such as casein. In certain embodiments, the cancer is breast cancer; inflammatory breast cancer; breast ductal carcinoma; breast lobular carcinoma; luminal A breast cancer; luminal B breast cancer; basal-like breast cancer; HER2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer; HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor negative (ER−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor negative (PR−) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR negative (PR−) breast cancer; ER negative (ER−) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; ER−, PR−, and HER2− triple negative breast cancer (ER−, PR−, HER2−; TNBC); hormone receptor negative breast cancer (ER− and PR−); ER+, PR+, and HER2+ triple positive breast cancer (ER+, PR+, HER2+; TPBC); hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC); sarcomas (e.g. epitheloid, rhabdoid and synovial); esophageal cancer; gastric cancer; ovarian cancer; pancreatic cancer; lung cancer; non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC); squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); head and neck cancer; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); gastrointestinal cancer; large intestinal cancer; small intestinal cancer; stomach cancer; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; bladder cancer; liver cancer; biliary tract cancer; urothelial cancer; endometrial cancer; cervical cancer; prostate cancer; mesothelioma; chordoma; renal cancer; renal cell carcinoma (RCC); brain cancer; neuroblastoma; glioblastoma; skin cancer; melanoma; basal cell carcinoma; merkel cell carcinoma; blood cancer; hematopoetic cancer; myeloma; multiple myeloma (MM); B cell malignancies; lymphoma; B cell lymphoma; Hodgkin lymphoma; T cell lymphoma; leukemia; or acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). In certain embodiments, the compound comprises an antisense compound targeted to MALAT1. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises an oligonucleotide targeted to MALAT1. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 8 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 8 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813. In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide can consist of 10 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the compound is ION 1157034, 1157111, 1157190, 1157929, 1158161, 1158162, 1304884, 1304890, or 1304906. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the compound can be single-stranded or double-stranded. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the compound can be an antisense compound or oligomeric compound.

In any of the foregoing methods or uses, the compound can be targeted to MALAT1. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises or consists of a modified oligonucleotide, for example a modified oligonucleotide can consist of 8 to 80 linked nucleosides, 10 to 30 linked nucleosides, 12 to 30 linked nucleosides, or 20 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified internucleoside linkage, at least one modified sugar and/or at least one modified nucleobase. In certain embodiments, the modified internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, the modified sugar is a bicyclic sugar or a 2′-O-methoxyethyl, and the modified nucleobase is a 5-methylcytosine. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide comprises a gap segment consisting of linked 2′-deoxynucleosides; a 5′ wing segment consisting of linked nucleosides; and a 3′ wing segment consisting of linked nucleosides, wherein the gap segment is positioned immediately adjacent to and between the 5′ wing segment and the 3′ wing segment and wherein each nucleoside of each wing segment comprises a modified sugar.

In any of the foregoing embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide can consist of 12 to 30, 15 to 30, 15 to 25, 15 to 24, 16 to 24, 17 to 24, 18 to 24, 19 to 24, 20 to 24, 19 to 22, 20 to 22, 16 to 20, or 17 or 20 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, at least one internucleoside linkage of the modified oligonucleotide is a modified internucleoside linkage, at least one sugar of the modified oligonucleotide is a modified sugar and/or at least one nucleobase of the modified oligonucleotide is a modified nucleobase. In certain embodiments, the modified internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, the modified sugar is a bicyclic sugar or a 2′-O-methoxyethyl sugar, and the modified nucleobase is 5-methylcytosine. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide has a gap segment consisting of linked 2′-deoxynucleosides; a 5′ wing segment consisting of linked nucleosides; and a 3′ wing segment consisting of linked nucleosides, wherein the gap segment is positioned immediately adjacent to and between the 5′ wing segment and the 3′ wing segment and wherein each nucleoside of each wing segment comprises a modified sugar.

In any of the foregoing methods or uses, the compound can comprise or consist of a modified oligonucleotide having:

-   -   a gap segment consisting of linked 2′-deoxynucleosides;     -   a 5′ wing segment consisting of linked nucleosides; and     -   a 3′ wing segment consisting of linked nucleosides;

wherein the gap segment is positioned between the 5′ wing segment and the 3′ wing segment and wherein each nucleoside of each wing segment comprises a modified sugar. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 80 linked nucleosides and has a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence recited in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 or 36-2813. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 80 linked nucleosides and has a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence recited in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides and has a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence recited in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 or 36-2813. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides and has a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence recited in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 linked nucleosides and has a nucleobase sequence consisting of the nucleobase sequence recited in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 or 36-2813. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 linked nucleosides and has a nucleobase sequence consisting of the nucleobase sequence recited in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10.

In any of the foregoing methods or uses, the compound can comprise or consist of a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleobases and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence recited in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 or 36-2813, wherein the modified oligonucleotide has:

-   -   a gap segment consisting of linked 2′-deoxynucleosides;     -   a 5′ wing segment consisting of linked nucleosides; and     -   a 3′ wing segment consisting of linked nucleosides;

wherein the gap segment is positioned between the 5′ wing segment and the 3′ wing segment and wherein each nucleoside of each wing segment comprises a modified sugar. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 linked nucleosides.

In any of the foregoing methods or uses, the compound can comprise or consist of a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleobases and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence recited in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10, wherein the modified oligonucleotide has:

-   -   a gap segment consisting of linked 2′-deoxynucleosides;     -   a 5′ wing segment consisting of linked nucleosides; and     -   a 3′ wing segment consisting of linked nucleosides;

wherein the gap segment is positioned between the 5′ wing segment and the 3′ wing segment and wherein each nucleoside of each wing segment comprises a modified sugar. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 linked nucleosides.

In any of the foregoing methods or uses, the compound can comprise or consist of a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleobases and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence recited in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813, wherein the modified oligonucleotide has:

a gap segment consisting of ten linked 2′-deoxynucleosides;

a 5′ wing segment consisting of three linked nucleosides; and

a 3′ wing segment consisting of three linked nucleosides;

wherein the gap segment is positioned between the 5′ wing segment and the 3′ wing segment; wherein each nucleoside of each wing segment comprises a cEt nucleoside; wherein each internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate linkage; and wherein each cytosine is 5-methylcytosine. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 linked nucleosides.

In any of the foregoing methods or uses, the compound can comprise or consist of a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 80 linked nucleobases and having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence recited in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-7, wherein the modified oligonucleotide has:

a gap segment consisting of ten linked 2′-deoxynucleosides;

a 5′ wing segment consisting of three linked nucleosides; and

a 3′ wing segment consisting of three linked nucleosides;

wherein the gap segment is positioned between the 5′ wing segment and the 3′ wing segment; wherein each nucleoside of each wing segment comprises a cEt nucleoside; wherein each internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate linkage; and wherein each cytosine is 5-methylcytosine. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 linked nucleosides.

In any of the foregoing methods or uses, the compound can comprise or consist of a modified oligonucleotide having a nucleobase sequence comprising the nucleobase sequence recited in any of SEQ ID NOs: 8-10; wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises the sugar motif kkk-d-y-d(8)-kkk, wherein “k” indicates a cEt modified sugar moiety, “d” indicates an unmodified 2′-deoxyribosyl sugar moiety, and “y” indicates a 2′-O-methyl modified sugar moiety; wherein each internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate linkage; and wherein each cytosine is 5-methylcytosine. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 linked nucleosides.

In any of the foregoing methods or uses, the compound can comprise or consist of ION 1304884 having the nucleobase sequence and chemical motif: GksGksAksTdsUysAdsAdsTdsGdsTdsAdsGdsTdsGksTksAk (SEQ ID NO: 8), wherein “d” represents a 2′-deoxyribose sugar, “k” represents a cEt modified sugar, “y” represents a 2′-O-methyl modified sugar, “s” represents a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, and “mC” refers to 5-methylcytosine. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 linked nucleosides.

In any of the foregoing methods or uses, the compound can comprise or consist of ION 1304890 having the nucleobase sequence and chemical motif: GksGksTksTdsAysTdsAdsGdsmCdsTdsTdsGdsAdsmCksAksAk (SEQ ID NO: 9), wherein “d” represents a 2′-deoxyribose sugar, “k” represents a cEt modified sugar, “y” represents a 2′-O-methyl modified sugar, “s” represents a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, and “mC” refers to a 5-methylcytosine. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 linked nucleosides.

In any of the foregoing methods or uses, the compound can comprise or consist of ION 1304906 having the nucleobase sequence and chemical motif: GksmCksAksGdsAysTdsAdsAdsTdsGdsTdsTdsmCdsTksmCksAk (SEQ ID NO: 10), wherein “d” represents a 2′-deoxyribose sugar, “k” represents a cEt modified sugar, “y” represents a 2′-O-methyl modified sugar, “s” represents a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, and “mC” refers to 5-methylcytosine. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 to 30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16 linked nucleosides.

In any of the foregoing methods or uses, the compound can be a modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical structure:

or a salt thereof. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide is the sodium salt or potassium salt.

In any of the foregoing methods or uses, the compound can be a modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical structure:

In any of the foregoing methods or uses, the compound can be administered parenterally. For example, in certain embodiments the compound can be administered through injection or infusion. Parenteral administration includes subcutaneous administration, intravenous administration, intramuscular administration, intraarterial administration, intraperitoneal administration, or intracranial administration, e.g. intrathecal or intracerebroventricular administration.

Certain Combinations and Combination Therapies

In certain embodiments, a first agent comprising a compound described herein is co-administered with one or more secondary agents. In certain embodiments, such second agents are designed to treat the same disease, disorder, or condition as the first agent described herein. In certain embodiments, such second agents are designed to treat a different disease, disorder, or condition as the first agent described herein. In certain embodiments, a first agent is designed to treat an undesired side effect of a second agent. In certain embodiments, second agents are co-administered with the first agent to treat an undesired effect of the first agent. In certain embodiments, such second agents are designed to treat an undesired side effect of one or more pharmaceutical compositions as described herein. In certain embodiments, second agents are co-administered with the first agent to produce a combinational effect. In certain embodiments, second agents are co-administered with the first agent to produce a synergistic effect. In certain embodiments, the co-administration of the first and second agents permits use of lower dosages than would be required to achieve a therapeutic or prophylactic effect if the agents were administered as independent therapy.

In certain embodiments, one or more compounds or compositions provided herein are co-administered with one or more secondary agents. In certain embodiments, one or more compounds or compositions provided herein and one or more secondary agents, are administered at different times. In certain embodiments, one or more compounds or compositions provided herein and one or more secondary agents, are prepared together in a single formulation. In certain embodiments, one or more compounds or compositions provided herein and one or more secondary agents, are prepared separately. In certain embodiments, a secondary agent is selected from: a chemotherapeutic agent including, but not limited to, capecitabine (Xeloda), carboplatin, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, docetaxel (Taxotere), doxorubicin, epirubicin (Ellence), eribulin (Halaven), fluorouracil (5-FU, Efudex), gemcitabine (Gemzar), ixabepilone (Ixempra), methotrexate (Rheumatrex, Trexall), paclitaxel (Taxol), or vinorelbine (Navelbine); a combination regiment including, but not limited to, AC (doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide), EC (epirubicin, cyclophosphamide), AC or EC (epirubicin and cyclophosphamide) followed by T (doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide, followed by paclitaxel or docetaxel), CAF (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and 5-FU), CEF (cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, and 5-FU), CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-FU), TAC (docetaxel, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide), TC (docetaxel and cyclophosphamide), AC-TH (doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, paclitaxel, trastuzumab), AC-THP (doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, paclitaxel, trastuzumab, pertuzumab), TCHP (docetaxel, carboplatin, trastuzumab, pertuzumab), TCH (docetaxel, carboplatin, trastuzumab), or TH (paclitaxel, trastuzumab); hormone therapy including, but not limited to, selective estrogen receptor modulators, tamoxifen, toremifene (Fareston), fulvestrant (Faslodex), goserelin (Zoladex), or leuprolide (Eligard, Lupron); aromatase inhibitors (AIs) including, but not limited to, anastrozole (Arimidex), exemestane (Aromasin), or letrozole (Femara); HER2-targeted therapy including, but not limited to, trastuzumab (Herceptin), lapatinib (TYKERB), pertuzumab (Perjeta), or neratinib (Nerlynx).

Certain embodiments are directed to the use of a compound targeted to MALAT1 as described herein in combination with a secondary agent. In particular embodiments such use is in a method of treating a patient suffering from cancer including, but not limited to, breast cancer; inflammatory breast cancer; breast ductal carcinoma; breast lobular carcinoma; luminal A breast cancer; luminal B breast cancer; basal-like breast cancer; HER2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer; HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor negative (ER−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor negative (PR−) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR negative (PR−) breast cancer; ER negative (ER−) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; ER−, PR−, and HER2− triple negative breast cancer (ER−, PR−, HER2−; TNBC); hormone receptor negative breast cancer (ER− and PR−); ER+, PR+, and HER2+ triple positive breast cancer (ER+, PR+, HER2+; TPBC); hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC); sarcomas (e.g. epitheloid, rhabdoid and synovial); esophageal cancer; gastric cancer; ovarian cancer; pancreatic cancer; lung cancer; non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC); squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); head and neck cancer; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); gastrointestinal cancer; large intestinal cancer; small intestinal cancer; stomach cancer; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; bladder cancer; liver cancer; biliary tract cancer; urothelial cancer; endometrial cancer; cervical cancer; prostate cancer; mesothelioma; chordoma; renal cancer; renal cell carcinoma (RCC); brain cancer; neuroblastoma; glioblastoma; skin cancer; melanoma; basal cell carcinoma; merkel cell carcinoma; blood cancer; hematopoetic cancer; myeloma; multiple myeloma (MM); B cell malignancies; lymphoma; B cell lymphoma; Hodgkin lymphoma; T cell lymphoma; leukemia; or acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). In certain embodiments, a secondary agent is selected from: a chemotherapeutic agent including, but not limited to, capecitabine (Xeloda), carboplatin, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, docetaxel (Taxotere), doxorubicin, epirubicin (Ellence), eribulin (Halaven), fluorouracil (5-FU, Efudex), gemcitabine (Gemzar), ixabepilone (Ixempra), methotrexate (Rheumatrex, Trexall), paclitaxel (Taxol), or vinorelbine (Navelbine); a combination regiment including, but not limited to, AC (doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide), EC (epirubicin, cyclophosphamide), AC or EC (epirubicin and cyclophosphamide) followed by T (doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide, followed by paclitaxel or docetaxel), CAF (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and 5-FU), CEF (cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, and 5-FU), CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-FU), TAC (docetaxel, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide), TC (docetaxel and cyclophosphamide), AC-TH (doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, paclitaxel, trastuzumab), AC-THP (doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, paclitaxel, trastuzumab, pertuzumab), TCHP (docetaxel, carboplatin, trastuzumab, pertuzumab), TCH (docetaxel, carboplatin, trastuzumab), or TH (paclitaxel, trastuzumab); hormone therapy including, but not limited to, selective estrogen receptor modulators, tamoxifen, toremifene (Fareston), fulvestrant (Faslodex), goserelin (Zoladex), or leuprolide (Eligard, Lupron); aromatase inhibitors (AIs) including, but not limited to, anastrozole (Arimidex), exemestane (Aromasin), or letrozole (Femara); HER2-targeted therapy including, but not limited to, trastuzumab (Herceptin), lapatinib (TYKERB), pertuzumab (Perjeta), or neratinib (Nerlynx).

Certain embodiments are drawn to a combination of a compound targeted to MALAT1 as described herein and a secondary agent, such as a secondary agent selected from: a chemotherapeutic agent including, but not limited to, capecitabine (Xeloda), carboplatin, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, docetaxel (Taxotere), doxorubicin, epirubicin (Ellence), eribulin (Halaven), fluorouracil (5-FU, Efudex), gemcitabine (Gemzar), ixabepilone (Ixempra), methotrexate (Rheumatrex, Trexall), paclitaxel (Taxol), or vinorelbine (Navelbine); a combination regiment including, but not limited to, AC (doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide), EC (epirubicin, cyclophosphamide), AC or EC (epirubicin and cyclophosphamide) followed by T (doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide, followed by paclitaxel or docetaxel), CAF (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and 5-FU), CEF (cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, and 5-FU), CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-FU), TAC (docetaxel, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide), TC (docetaxel and cyclophosphamide), AC-TH (doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, paclitaxel, trastuzumab), AC-THP (doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, paclitaxel, trastuzumab, pertuzumab), TCHP (docetaxel, carboplatin, trastuzumab, pertuzumab), TCH (docetaxel, carboplatin, trastuzumab), or TH (paclitaxel, trastuzumab); hormone therapy including, but not limited to, selective estrogen receptor modulators, tamoxifen, toremifene (Fareston), fulvestrant (Faslodex), goserelin (Zoladex), or leuprolide (Eligard, Lupron); aromatase inhibitors (AIs) including, but not limited to, anastrozole (Arimidex), exemestane (Aromasin), or letrozole (Femara); HER2-targeted therapy including, but not limited to, trastuzumab (Herceptin), lapatinib (TYKERB), pertuzumab (Perjeta), or neratinib (Nerlynx).

In certain embodiments the compound targeted to MALAT1 as described herein and the secondary agent are used in combination treatment by administering the two agents simultaneously, separately or sequentially. In certain embodiments the two agents are formulated as a fixed dose combination product. In other embodiments the two agents are provided to the patient as separate units which can then either be taken simultaneously or serially (sequentially).

In certain embodiments, a compound targeted to MALAT1 as described herein is used in combination with an immunomodulatory agent such as an anti-PD-L1 antibody (or an antigen-binding fragment thereof), an anti-PD-1 antibody (or an antigen-binding fragment thereof), an anti-CTLA-4 antibody (or an antigen-binding fragment thereof) or an OX40 agonist ((e.g., an OX40 ligand fusion protein, or an OX40 agonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof).

In certain embodiments, a compound targeted to MALAT1 as described herein is used in combination with an immune checkpoint inhibitor such as an anti-PD-L1 antibody (or an antigen-binding fragment thereof), an anti-PD-1 antibody (or an antigen-binding fragment thereof), or an anti-CTLA-4 antibody (or an antigen-binding fragment thereof).

Anti-PD-L1 antibodies are known in the art. Exemplary anti-PD-L1 antibodies include: MEDI4736 (durvalumab), MPDL3280A, BMS936559, 2.7A4, AMP-714, MDX-1105 and MPDL3280A (atezolizumab).

Anti-PD-1 antibodies are known in the art. Exemplary anti-PD-1 antibodies include: nivolumab, pembrolizumab, pidilizumab, and AMP-514 Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies are known in the art. Exemplary anti-CTLA-4 antibodies include: tremelimumab and ipilimumab, also termed MDX-010 (or BMS-734016).

OX40 agonists and antibodies are known in the art. Exemplary OX40 agonists and/or antibodies include: MEDI6383, 9B12 and MEDI0562.

In one embodiment, the combination includes the antisense oligonucleotide Ionis 1158161 or a salt thereof, and at least one immunomodulator selected from the group consisting of: MEDI4736, MPDL3280A, BMS936559, 2.7A4, AMP-714, MDX-1105, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, pidilizumab, MPDL3280A, tremelimumab, ipilimumab, MEDI0562 and MEDI0562.

Certain Anti-PD-L1 Antibodies

Antibodies that specifically bind and inhibit PD-L1 are included in the present disclosure.

Durvalumab (MEDI4736) is an exemplary anti-PD-L1 antibody that is selective for a PD-L1 polypeptide and blocks the binding of PD-L1 to the PD-1 and CD80 receptors. Durvalumab can relieve PD-L1-mediated suppression of human T-cell activation in vitro and inhibits tumor growth in a xenograft model via a T-cell dependent mechanism.

Information regarding durvalumab (or fragments thereof) for use in the methods provided herein can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 8,779,108, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of durvalumab contains a triple mutation in the constant domain of the IgG1 heavy chain that reduces binding to the complement component C1q and the Fcγ receptors responsible for mediating antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).

Durvalumab and antigen-binding fragments thereof for use in the methods provided herein comprises a heavy chain and a light chain or a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region. In certain embodiments, MEDI4736 or an antigen-binding fragment thereof for use in the methods provided herein comprises the variable heavy chain and variable light chain CDR sequences of the 2.14H9OPT antibody as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,779,108 and 9,493,565, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. There are numerous anti-PD-L1 antibodies in the published literature that could feature in the present disclosure, including compounds in development and/or in clinical trials such as: durvalumab (MEDI4736), MPDL3280A, BMS936559, 2.7A4, AMP-714 and MDX-1105. Patent specifications disclosing anti-PD-L1 antibodies that may be useful in the present disclosure include: U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,943,743; 8,383,796; 9,102,725; 9,273,135 (BMS/Medarex), US2006/0153841 (Dana Farber), US2011/0271358 (Dana Farber), U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,552,154 and 9,102,727 (Dana Farber), U.S. Pat. No. 8,217,149 (Genentech), including issued U.S. Pat. No. 8,217,149, US2012/0039906 (INSERM), US2016/0031990 (Amplimmune), U.S. Pat. No. 8,779,108 (Medlmmune—for durvalumab/MEDI4726 and 2.7A4), US2014/0044738 (Amplimmune—for AMP-714) and US2010/0285039 (John's Hopkins University). Each of these disclosures is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Certain Anti-CTLA-4 Antibodies

Antibodies that specifically bind CTLA-4 and inhibit CTLA-4 activity are useful for enhancing an anti-tumor immune response. Information regarding tremelimumab (or antigen-binding fragments thereof) for use in the methods provided herein can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,682,736 (where it is referred to as 11.2.1), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Tremelimumab (also known as CP-675,206, CP-675, CP-675206, and ticilimumab) is a human IgG2 monoclonal antibody that is highly selective for CTLA-4 and blocks binding of CTLA-4 to CD80 (B7.1) and CD86 (B7.2). It has been shown to result in immune activation in vitro and some patients treated with tremelimumab have shown tumor regression.

Tremelimumab for use in the methods provided herein comprises a heavy chain and a light chain or a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region. In a specific aspect, tremelimumab or an antigen-binding fragment thereof for use in the methods provided herein comprises a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequences shown herein above and a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence shown herein above. In a specific aspect, tremelimumab or an antigen-binding fragment thereof for use in the methods provided herein comprises a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises the Kabat-defined CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences shown herein above, and wherein the light chain variable region comprises the Kabat-defined CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences shown herein above. Those of ordinary skill in the art would easily be able to identify Chothia-defined, Abm-defined or other CDR definitions known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In a specific aspect, tremelimumab or an antigen-binding fragment thereof for use in the methods provided herein comprises the variable heavy chain and variable light chain CDR sequences of the 11.2.1 antibody as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,682,736, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Other anti-CTLA-4 antibodies are described, for example, in US 20070243184. In one embodiment, the anti-CTLA-4 antibody is Ipilimumab, also termed MDX-010; BMS-734016.

Certain OX40 Agonists

OX40 agonists interact with the OX40 receptor on CD4+ T-cells during, or shortly after, priming by an antigen resulting in an increased response of the CD4+ T-cells to the antigen. An OX40 agonist interacting with the OX40 receptor on antigen specific CD4+ T-cells can increase T cell proliferation as compared to the response to antigen alone. The elevated response to the antigen can be maintained for a period of time substantially longer than in the absence of an OX40 agonist. Thus, stimulation via an OX40 agonist enhances the antigen specific immune response by boosting T-cell recognition of antigens, e.g., tumor cells. OX40 agonists are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,312,700, 7,504,101, 7,622,444, and 7,959,925, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Methods of using such agonists in cancer treatment are described, for example, in US2015/0098942 and in US2015/0157710, each of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

OX40 agonists include, but are not limited to OX40 binding molecules, e.g., binding polypeptides, e.g., OX40 ligand (“OX40L”) or an OX40-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, such as soluble extracellular ligand domains and OX40L fusion proteins, and anti-OX40 antibodies (for example, monoclonal antibodies such as humanized monoclonal antibodies), or an antigen-binding fragment, variant or derivative thereof. Examples of anti-OX40 monoclonal antibodies are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,821,332 and 6,156,878, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. In certain embodiments, the anti-OX40 monoclonal antibody is 9B12, or an antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, as described in Weinberg, A. D., et al. J Immunother 29, 575-585 (2006), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In another embodiment, an OX40 antibody is MEDI0562 as described in US 2016/0137740.

In certain embodiments, the antibody which specifically binds to OX40, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof binds to the same OX40 epitope as mAb 9B12. An example of a humanized OX40 antibody is described by Morris et al., Mol Immunol. May 2007; 44(12): 3112-3121. 9B12 is a murine IgG1, anti-OX40 mAb directed against the extracellular domain of human OX40 (CD134) (Weinberg, A. D., et al. J Immunother 29, 575-585 (2006)). It was selected from a panel of anti-OX40 monoclonal antibodies because of its ability to elicit an agonist response for OX40 signaling, stability, and for its high level of production by the hybridoma. For use in clinical applications, 9B12 mAb is equilibrated with phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.0, and its concentration is adjusted to 5.0 mg/ml by diafiltration.

“OX40 ligand” (“OX40L”) (also variously termed tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 4, gp34, TAX transcriptionally-activated glycoprotein-1, and CD252) is found largely on antigen presenting cells (APCs), and can be induced on activated B cells, dendritic cells (DCs), Langerhans cells, plamacytoid DCs, and macrophages (Croft, M., (2010) Ann Rev Immunol 28:57-78). Other cells, including activated T cells, NK cells, mast cells, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells can express OX40L in response to inflammatory cytokines (Id.). OX40L specifically binds to the OX40 receptor. The human protein is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,156,878. The mouse OX40L is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,457,035. OX40L is expressed on the surface of cells and includes an intracellular, a transmembrane and an extracellular receptor-binding domain. A functionally active soluble form of OX40L can be produced by deleting the intracellular and transmembrane domains as described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,457,035; 6,312,700; 6,156,878; 6,242,566; 6,528,055; 6,528,623; 7,098,184; and 7,125,670, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein for all purposes. A functionally active form of OX40L is a form that retains the capacity to bind specifically to OX40, that is, that possesses an OX40 “receptor binding domain.” An example is amino acids 51 to 183 of human OX40L. Methods of determining the ability of an OX40L molecule or derivative to bind specifically to OX40 are discussed below. Methods of making and using OX40L and its derivatives (such as derivatives that include an OX40 binding domain) are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,156,878; 6,242,566; 6,528,055; 6,528,623; 7,098,184; and 7,125,670, which also describe proteins comprising the soluble form of OX40L linked to other peptides, such as human immunoglobulin (“Ig”) Fc regions, that can be produced to facilitate purification of OX40 ligand from cultured cells, or to enhance the stability of the molecule after in vivo administration to a mammal (see also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,457,035 and 7,959,925, both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties).

Also included within the definition of OX40L are OX40 ligand variants which vary in amino acid sequence from naturally occurring OX40 ligand molecules but which retain the ability to specifically bind to an OX40 receptor. Such variants are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,457,035; 6,156,878; 6,242,566; 6,528,055; 6,528,623; 7,098,184; and 7,125,670. In a related embodiment, a mutant of OX40L which has lost the ability to specifically bind to OX40, for example amino acids 51 to 183, in which the phenylalanine at position 180 of the receptor-binding domain of human OX40L has been replaced with alanine (F180A) is used.

OX40 agonists include a fusion protein in which one or more domains of OX40L is covalently linked to one or more additional protein domains. Exemplary OX40L fusion proteins that can be used as OX40 agonists are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,312,700, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In one embodiment, an OX40 agonist includes an OX40L fusion polypeptide that self-assembles into a multimeric (e.g., trimeric or hexameric) OX40L fusion protein. Such fusion proteins are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 7,959,925, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The multimeric OX40L fusion protein exhibits increased efficacy in enhancing antigen specific immune response in a subject, particularly a human subject, due to its ability to spontaneously assemble into highly stable trimers and hexamers.

In another embodiment, an OX40 agonist capable of assembling into a multimeric form includes a fusion polypeptide comprising in an N-terminal to C-terminal direction: an immunoglobulin domain, wherein the immunoglobulin domain includes an Fc domain, a trimerization domain, wherein the trimerization domain includes a coiled coil trimerization domain, and a receptor binding domain, wherein the receptor binding domain is an OX40 receptor binding domain, e.g., an OX40L or an OX40-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, where the fusion polypeptide can self-assemble into a trimeric fusion protein. In one aspect, an OX40 agonist capable of assembling into a multimeric form is capable of binding to the OX40 receptor and stimulating at least one OX40 mediated activity. In certain aspects, the OX40 agonist includes an extracellular domain of OX40 ligand.

The trimerization domain of an OX40 agonist capable of assembling into a multimeric form serves to promote self-assembly of individual OX40L fusion polypeptide molecules into a trimeric protein. Thus, an OX40L fusion polypeptide with a trimerization domain self-assembles into a trimeric OX40L fusion protein. In one aspect, the trimerization domain is an isoleucine zipper domain or other coiled coli polypeptide structure. Exemplary coiled coil trimerization domains include: TRAF2 (GENBANK® Accession No. Q12933, amino acids 299-348; Thrombospondin 1 (Accession No. P07996, amino acids 291-314; Matrilin-4 (Accession No. 095460, amino acids 594-618; CMP (matrilin-1) (Accession No. NP-002370, amino acids 463-496; HSF1 (Accession No. AAX42211, amino acids 165-191; and Cubilin (Accession No. NP-001072, amino acids 104-138. In certain specific aspects, the trimerization domain includes a TRAF2 trimerization domain, a Matrilin-4 trimerization domain, or a combination thereof.

OX40L FP is a human OX40 ligand IgG4P fusion protein that specifically binds to, and triggers signaling by, the human OX40 receptor, a member of the TNFR superfamily. OX40L FP is also disclosed in US2016/0024176, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. OX40L FP is composed of three distinct domains: (1) human OX40 ligand extracellular receptor binding domains (RBDs) that form homotrimers and bind the OX40 receptor; (2) isoleucine zipper trimerization domains derived from TNFR-associated factor 2 that stabilize the homotrimeric structure of the OX40 ligand RBDs; and (3) human IgG4 fragment crystallizable gamma (Fcγ) domains that facilitate Fcγ receptor clustering of the fusion protein when bound to OX40 receptors, and contain a serine to proline substitution at position 228 (according to EU numbering) in the hinge regions (IgG4P) to promote stability of two sets of OX40 ligand RBD homotrimers. The IgG4P Fc domain is fused directly to an isoleucine zipper trimerization domain derived from amino acid residues 310-349 of human tumor necrosis factor 2 (TRAF2). Fused to the c-terminus of the TRAF2 domain are amino acid residues 51-183 of the extracellular receptor binding domain (RBD) of human OX40L (gene name TNFSF4). The TRAF2 domain stabilizes the homotrimeric structure of OX40L RBDs to enable OX40 binding and activation, while the IgG4P Fc domain confers serum stability, dimerization of OX40L trimers, and facilitates Fcγ receptor clustering of the hexameric fusion protein. One OX40L FP variant possesses a phenylalanine (F) to alanine (A) mutation at the amino acid corresponding to position 180 in OX40L. Another OX40L FP variant has the IgG4P Fc domain replaced with a human IgG1 Fc domain. In particular embodiments, the OX40 agonist for use in the present disclosure is one of the OX40L FP variants.

In particular embodiments, the OX40 agonist for use in the present disclosure has been modified to increase its serum half-life. For example, the serum half-life of an OX40 agonist can be increased by conjugation to a heterologous molecule such as serum albumin, an antibody Fc region, or PEG. In certain embodiments, OX40 agonists can be conjugated to other therapeutic agents or toxins to form immunoconjugates and/or fusion proteins. In certain embodiments, the OX40 agonist can be formulated so as to facilitate administration and promote stability of the active agent.

Antibody Derivatives

Antibodies for use in the present disclosure (e.g., anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-L1, anti-PD-1, anti-OX40) may include variants of these sequences that retain the ability to specifically bind their targets. Such variants may be derived from the sequence of these antibodies by a skilled artisan using techniques well known in the art. For example, amino acid substitutions, deletions, or additions, can be made in the FRs and/or in the CDRs. While changes in the FRs are usually designed to improve stability and immunogenicity of the antibody, changes in the CDRs are typically designed to increase affinity of the antibody for its target. Variants of FRs also include naturally occurring immunoglobulin allotypes. Such affinity-increasing changes may be determined empirically by routine techniques that involve altering the CDR and testing the affinity antibody for its target. For example, conservative amino acid substitutions can be made within any one of the disclosed CDRs. Various alterations can be made according to the methods described in Antibody Engineering, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, ed. Borrebaeck, 1995. These include but are not limited to nucleotide sequences that are altered by the substitution of different codons that encode a functionally equivalent amino acid residue within the sequence, thus producing a “silent” change. For example, the nonpolar amino acids include alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and methionine. The polar neutral amino acids include glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, and glutamine. The positively charged (basic) amino acids include arginine, lysine, and histidine. The negatively charged (acidic) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid.

Derivatives and analogs of antibodies of the present disclosure can be produced by various techniques well known in the art, including recombinant and synthetic methods (Maniatis (1990) Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., and Bodansky et al. (1995) The Practice of Peptide Synthesis, 2nd ed., Spring Verlag, Berlin, Germany). Analogous shuffling or combinatorial techniques are also disclosed by Stemmer (Nature (1994) 370: 389-391), who describes the technique in relation to a β-lactamase gene but observes that the approach may be used for the generation of antibodies.

One may generate novel VH or VL regions carrying one or more sequences derived from the sequences disclosed herein using random mutagenesis of one or more selected VH and/or VL genes. One such technique, error-prone PCR, is described by Gram et al. (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1992) 89: 3576-3580).

Another method that may be used is to direct mutagenesis to CDRs of VH or VL genes. Such techniques are disclosed by Barbas et al. (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1994) 91: 3809-3813) and Schier et al. (J. Mol. Biol. (1996) 263: 551-567).

Similarly, one or more, or all three CDRs may be grafted into a repertoire of VH or VL domains, which are then screened for an antigen-binding fragment specific for CTLA-4 or PD-L1.

A portion of an immunoglobulin variable domain will comprise at least one of the CDRs substantially as set out herein and, optionally, intervening framework regions from the scFv fragments as set out herein. The portion may include at least about 50% of either or both of FR1 and FR4, the 50% being the C-terminal 50% of FR1 and the N-terminal 50% of FR4. Additional residues at the N-terminal or C-terminal end of the substantial part of the variable domain may be those not normally associated with naturally occurring variable domain regions. For example, construction of antibodies by recombinant DNA techniques may result in the introduction of N- or C-terminal residues encoded by linkers introduced to facilitate cloning or other manipulation steps. Other manipulation steps include the introduction of linkers to join variable domains to further protein sequences including immunoglobulin heavy chain constant regions, other variable domains (for example, in the production of diabodies), or proteinaceous labels as discussed in further detail below.

A skilled artisan will recognize that antibodies for use in the present disclosure may comprise antigen-binding fragments containing only a single CDR from either VL or VH domain. Either one of the single chain specific binding domains can be used to screen for complementary domains capable of forming a two-domain specific antigen-binding fragment capable of, for example, binding to CTLA-4 and PD-L1.

Antibodies for use in the present disclosure described herein can be linked to another functional molecule, e.g., another peptide or protein (albumin, another antibody, etc.). For example, the antibodies can be linked by chemical cross-linking or by recombinant methods. The antibodies may also be linked to one of a variety of nonproteinaceous polymers, e.g., polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, or polyoxyalkylenes, in the manner set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,640,835; 4,496,689; 4,301,144; 4,670,417; 4,791,192; or 4,179,337. The antibodies can be chemically modified by covalent conjugation to a polymer, for example, to increase their circulating half-life. Exemplary polymers and methods to attach them are also shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,766,106; 4,179,337; 4,495,285, and 4,609,546.

The antibodies may also be altered to have a glycosylation pattern that differs from the native pattern. For example, one or more carbohydrate moieties can be deleted and/or one or more glycosylation sites added to the original antibody. Addition of glycosylation sites to the presently disclosed antibodies may be accomplished by altering the amino acid sequence to contain glycosylation site consensus sequences known in the art. Another means of increasing the number of carbohydrate moieties on the antibodies is by chemical or enzymatic coupling of glycosides to the amino acid residues of the antibody. Such methods are described in WO 87/05330, and in Aplin et al. (1981) CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem., 22: 259-306. Removal of any carbohydrate moieties from the antibodies may be accomplished chemically or enzymatically, for example, as described by Hakimuddin et al. (1987) Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 259: 52; and Edge et al. (1981) Anal. Biochem., 118: 131 and by Thotakura et al. (1987) Meth. Enzymol., 138: 350. The antibodies may also be tagged with a detectable, or functional, label. Detectable labels include radiolabels such as 1311 or 99Tc, which may also be attached to antibodies using conventional chemistry. Detectable labels also include enzyme labels such as horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase. Detectable labels further include chemical moieties such as biotin, which may be detected via binding to a specific cognate detectable moiety, e.g., labeled avidin.

Antibodies, in which CDR sequences differ only insubstantially from those set forth herein are encompassed within the scope of this present disclosure. Typically, an amino acid is substituted by a related amino acid having similar charge, hydrophobic, or stereochemical characteristics. Such substitutions would be within the ordinary skills of an artisan. Unlike in CDRs, more substantial changes can be made in FRs without adversely affecting the binding properties of an antibody. Changes to FRs include, but are not limited to, humanizing a non-human derived or engineering certain framework residues that are important for antigen contact or for stabilizing the binding site, e.g., changing the class or subclass of the constant region, changing specific amino acid residues which might alter the effector function such as Fc receptor binding, e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,624,821 and 5,648,260 and Lund et al. (1991) J. Immun. 147: 2657-2662 and Morgan et al. (1995) Immunology 86: 319-324, or changing the species from which the constant region is derived.

One of skill in the art will appreciate that the modifications described above are not all-exhaustive, and that many other modifications would be obvious to a skilled artisan in light of the teachings of the present disclosure.

Certain Compounds

In certain embodiments, compounds described herein can be antisense compounds. In certain embodiments, the antisense compound comprises or consists of an oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, the oligomeric compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide has a nucleobase sequence complementary to that of a target nucleic acid.

In certain embodiments, a compound described herein comprises or consists of a modified oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide has a nucleobase sequence complementary to that of a target nucleic acid.

In certain embodiments, a compound or antisense compound is single-stranded. Such a single-stranded compound or antisense compound comprises or consists of an oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, such an oligomeric compound comprises or consists of an oligonucleotide and optionally a conjugate group. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide is an antisense oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide is modified. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide of a single-stranded antisense compound or oligomeric compound comprises a self-complementary nucleobase sequence.

In certain embodiments, compounds are double-stranded. Such double-stranded compounds comprise a first modified oligonucleotide having a region complementary to a target nucleic acid and a second modified oligonucleotide having a region complementary to the first modified oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotide is an RNA oligonucleotide. In such embodiments, the thymine nucleobase in the modified oligonucleotide is replaced by a uracil nucleobase. In certain embodiments, compound comprises a conjugate group. In certain embodiments, one of the modified oligonucleotides is conjugated. In certain embodiments, both the modified oligonucleotides are conjugated. In certain embodiments, the first modified oligonucleotide is conjugated. In certain embodiments, the second modified oligonucleotide is conjugated. In certain embodiments, the first modified oligonucleotide consists of 12-30 linked nucleosides and the second modified oligonucleotide consists of 12-30 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, one of the modified oligonucleotides has a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 8 contiguous nucleobases of any of SEQ ID NOs: 36-2646 or 2664-2813. In certain embodiments, one of the modified oligonucleotides has a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 8 contiguous nucleobases of any of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10.

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds are double-stranded. Such double-stranded antisense compounds comprise a first oligomeric compound having a region complementary to a target nucleic acid and a second oligomeric compound having a region complementary to the first oligomeric compound. The first oligomeric compound of such double stranded antisense compounds typically comprises or consists of a modified oligonucleotide and optionally a conjugate group. The oligonucleotide of the second oligomeric compound of such double-stranded antisense compound may be modified or unmodified. Either or both oligomeric compounds of a double-stranded antisense compound may comprise a conjugate group. The oligomeric compounds of double-stranded antisense compounds may include non-complementary overhanging nucleosides.

Examples of single-stranded and double-stranded compounds include but are not limited to oligonucleotides, siRNAs, microRNA targeting oligonucleotides, and single-stranded RNAi compounds, such as small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), single-stranded siRNAs (ssRNAs), and microRNA mimics.

In certain embodiments, a compound described herein has a nucleobase sequence that, when written in the 5′ to 3′ direction, comprises the reverse complement of the target segment of a target nucleic acid to which it is targeted.

In certain embodiments, a compound described herein comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of 10 to 30 linked subunits. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of 12 to 30 linked subunits. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of 12 to 22 linked subunits. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of 14 to 30 linked subunits. In certain embodiments, compound described herein comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of 14 to 20 linked subunits. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of 15 to 30 linked subunits. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of 15 to 20 linked subunits. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 30 linked subunits. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of 16 to 20 linked subunits. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of 17 to 30 linked subunits. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of 17 to 20 linked subunits. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of 18 to 30 linked subunits. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of 18 to 21 linked subunits. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of 18 to 20 linked subunits. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of 20 to 30 linked subunits. In other words, such oligonucleotides consist of 12 to 30 linked subunits, 14 to 30 linked subunits, 14 to 20 subunits, 15 to 30 subunits, 15 to 20 subunits, 16 to 30 subunits, 16 to 20 subunits, 17 to 30 subunits, 17 to 20 subunits, 18 to 30 subunits, 18 to 20 subunits, 18 to 21 subunits, 20 to 30 subunits, or 12 to 22 linked subunits, respectively. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of 14 linked subunits. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of 16 linked subunits. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of 17 linked subunits. In certain embodiments, compound described herein comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of 18 linked subunits. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of 19 linked subunits. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of 20 linked subunits. In other embodiments, a compound described herein comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of 8 to 80, 12 to 50, 13 to 30, 13 to 50, 14 to 30, 14 to 50, 15 to 30, 15 to 50, 16 to 30, 16 to 50, 17 to 30, 17 to 50, 18 to 22, 18 to 24, 18 to 30, 18 to 50, 19 to 22, 19 to 30, 19 to 50, or 20 to 30 linked subunits. In certain such embodiments, the compound described herein comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, or 80 linked subunits, or a range defined by any two of the above values. In some embodiments the linked subunits are nucleotides, nucleosides, or nucleobases.

In certain embodiments, the compound may further comprise additional features or elements, such as a conjugate group, that are attached to the oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, such compounds are antisense compounds. In certain embodiments, such compounds are oligomeric compounds. In embodiments where a conjugate group comprises a nucleoside (i.e. a nucleoside that links the conjugate group to the oligonucleotide), the nucleoside of the conjugate group is not counted in the length of the oligonucleotide.

In certain embodiments, compounds may be shortened or truncated. For example, a single subunit may be deleted from the 5′ end (5′ truncation), or alternatively from the 3′ end (3′ truncation). A shortened or truncated compound targeted to an MALAT1 nucleic acid may have two subunits deleted from the 5′ end, or alternatively may have two subunits deleted from the 3′ end, of the compound. Alternatively, the deleted nucleosides may be dispersed throughout the compound.

When a single additional subunit is present in a lengthened compound, the additional subunit may be located at the 5′ or 3′ end of the compound. When two or more additional subunits are present, the added subunits may be adjacent to each other, for example, in a compound having two subunits added to the 5′ end (5′ addition), or alternatively to the 3′ end (3′ addition), of the compound. Alternatively, the added subunits may be dispersed throughout the compound.

It is possible to increase or decrease the length of a compound, such as an oligonucleotide, and/or introduce mismatch bases without eliminating activity (Woolf et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992, 89:7305-7309; Gautschi et al. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. March 2001, 93:463-471; Maher and Dolnick Nuc. Acid. Res. 1998, 16:3341-3358). However, seemingly small changes in oligonucleotide sequence, chemistry and motif can make large differences in one or more of the many properties required for clinical development (Seth et al. J. Med. Chem. 2009, 52, 10; Egli et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 16642).

In certain embodiments, compounds described herein are interfering RNA compounds (RNAi), which include double-stranded RNA compounds (also referred to as short-interfering RNA or siRNA) and single-stranded RNAi compounds (or ssRNA). Such compounds work at least in part through the RISC pathway to degrade and/or sequester a target nucleic acid (thus, include microRNA/microRNA-mimic compounds). As used herein, the term siRNA is meant to be equivalent to other terms used to describe nucleic acid molecules that are capable of mediating sequence specific RNAi, for example short interfering RNA (siRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), micro-RNA (miRNA), short hairpin RNA (shRNA), short interfering oligonucleotide, short interfering nucleic acid, short interfering modified oligonucleotide, chemically modified siRNA, post-transcriptional gene silencing RNA (ptgsRNA), and others. In addition, as used herein, the term “RNAi” is meant to be equivalent to other terms used to describe sequence specific RNA interference, such as post transcriptional gene silencing, translational inhibition, or epigenetics.

In certain embodiments, a compound described herein can comprise any of the oligonucleotide sequences targeted to MALAT1 described herein. In certain embodiments, the compound can be double-stranded. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a first strand comprising at least an 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 contiguous nucleobase portion of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 or 36-2813 and a second strand. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a first strand comprising the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 or 36-2813 and a second strand. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises ribonucleotides in which the first strand has uracil (U) in place of thymine (T) in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 or 36-2813. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises (i) a first strand comprising a nucleobase sequence complementary to the site on MALAT1 to which any of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 or 36-2813 is targeted, and (ii) a second strand. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a first strand comprising at least an 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 contiguous nucleobase portion of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 and a second strand. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a first strand comprising the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 and a second strand. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises ribonucleotides in which the first strand has uracil (U) in place of thymine (T) in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises (i) a first strand comprising a nucleobase sequence complementary to the site on MALAT1 to which any of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 is targeted, and (ii) a second strand. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises one or more modified nucleotides in which the 2′ position in the sugar contains a halogen (such as fluorine group; 2′-F) or contains an alkoxy group (such as a methoxy group; 2′-OMe). In certain embodiments, the compound comprises at least one 2′-F sugar modification and at least one 2′-OMe sugar modification. In certain embodiments, the at least one 2′-F sugar modification and at least one 2′-OMe sugar modification are arranged in an alternating pattern for at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 contiguous nucleobases along a strand of the dsRNA compound. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises one or more linkages between adjacent nucleotides other than a naturally-occurring phosphodiester linkage. Examples of such linkages include phosphoramide, phosphorothioate, and phosphorodithioate linkages. The compounds may also be chemically modified nucleic acid molecules as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 6,673,661. In other embodiments, the compound contains one or two capped strands, as disclosed, for example, by WO 00/63364, filed Apr. 19, 2000.

In certain embodiments, the first strand of the compound is an siRNA guide strand and the second strand of the compound is an siRNA passenger strand. In certain embodiments, the second strand of the compound is complementary to the first strand. In certain embodiments, each strand of the compound consisting of 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, or 23 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the first or second strand of the compound can comprise a conjugate group.

In certain embodiments, a compound described herein can comprise any of the oligonucleotide sequences targeted to MALAT1 described herein. In certain embodiments, the compound is single stranded. In certain embodiments, such a compound is a single-stranded RNAi (ssRNAi) compound. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises at least an 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 contiguous nucleobase portion of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 or 36-2813. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 or 36-2813. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises ribonucleotides in which uracil (U) is in place of thymine (T) in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 or 36-2813. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a nucleobase sequence complementary to the site on MALAT1 to which any of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 or 36-2813 is targeted. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises at least an 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 contiguous nucleobase portion of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises the nucleobase sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises ribonucleotides in which uracil (U) is in place of thymine (T) in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises a nucleobase sequence complementary to the site on MALAT1 to which any of SEQ ID NOs: 2-10 is targeted. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises one or more modified nucleotides in which the 2′ position in the sugar contains a halogen (such as fluorine group; 2′-F) or contains an alkoxy group (such as a methoxy group; 2′-OMe). In certain embodiments, the compound comprises at least one 2′-F sugar modification and at least one 2′-OMe sugar modification. In certain embodiments, the at least one 2′-F sugar modification and at least one 2′-OMe sugar modification are arranged in an alternating pattern for at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 contiguous nucleobases along a strand of the compound. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises one or more linkages between adjacent nucleotides other than a naturally-occurring phosphodiester linkage. Examples of such linkages include phosphoramide, phosphorothioate, and phosphorodithioate linkages. The compounds may also be chemically modified nucleic acid molecules as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 6,673,661. In other embodiments, the compound contains a capped strand, as disclosed, for example, by WO 00/63364, filed Apr. 19, 2000. In certain embodiments, the compound consists of 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, or 23 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the compound can comprise a conjugate group.

In certain embodiments, compounds described herein comprise modified oligonucleotides. Certain modified oligonucleotides have one or more asymmetric center and thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric configurations that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R) or (S), as a or β such as for sugar anomers, or as (D) or (L) such as for amino acids etc. Included in the modified oligonucleotides provided herein are all such possible isomers, including their racemic and optically pure forms, unless specified otherwise. Likewise, all cis- and trans-isomers and tautomeric forms are also included.

The compounds described herein include variations in which one or more atoms are replaced with a non-radioactive isotope or radioactive isotope of the indicated element. For example, compounds herein that comprise hydrogen atoms encompass all possible deuterium substitutions for each of the ¹H hydrogen atoms. Isotopic substitutions encompassed by the compounds herein include but are not limited to: ²H or ³H in place of ¹H, ¹³C or ¹⁴C in place of ¹⁵N in place of 14N, 170 or ¹⁸O in place of ¹⁶O, and ³³S, ³⁴S, ³⁵S, or ³⁶S in place of ³²S. In certain embodiments, non-radioactive isotopic substitutions may impart new properties on the compound that are beneficial for use as a therapeutic or research tool. In certain embodiments, radioactive isotopic substitutions may make the compound suitable for research or diagnostic purposes, such as an imaging assay.

Certain Mechanisms

In certain embodiments, compounds described herein comprise or consist of modified oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, compounds described herein are antisense compounds. In certain embodiments, compounds comprise oligomeric compounds. In certain embodiments, compounds described herein are capable of hybridizing to a target nucleic acid, resulting in at least one antisense activity. In certain embodiments, compounds described herein selectively affect one or more target nucleic acid. Such compounds comprise a nucleobase sequence that hybridizes to one or more target nucleic acid, resulting in one or more desired antisense activity and does not hybridize to one or more non-target nucleic acid or does not hybridize to one or more non-target nucleic acid in such a way that results in a significant undesired antisense activity.

In certain antisense activities, hybridization of a compound described herein to a target nucleic acid results in recruitment of a protein that cleaves the target nucleic acid. For example, certain compounds described herein result in RNase H mediated cleavage of the target nucleic acid. RNase H is a cellular endonuclease that cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. The DNA in such an RNA:DNA duplex need not be unmodified DNA. In certain embodiments, compounds described herein are sufficiently “DNA-like” to elicit RNase H activity. Further, in certain embodiments, one or more non-DNA-like nucleoside in the gap of a gapmer is tolerated.

In certain antisense activities, compounds described herein or a portion of the compound is loaded into an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), ultimately resulting in cleavage of the target nucleic acid. For example, certain compounds described herein result in cleavage of the target nucleic acid by Argonaute. Compounds that are loaded into RISC are RNAi compounds. RNAi compounds may be double-stranded (siRNA) or single-stranded (ssRNA).

In certain embodiments, hybridization of compounds described herein to a target nucleic acid does not result in recruitment of a protein that cleaves that target nucleic acid. In certain such embodiments, hybridization of the compound to the target nucleic acid results in alteration of splicing of the target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, hybridization of the compound to a target nucleic acid results in inhibition of a binding interaction between the target nucleic acid and a protein or other nucleic acid. In certain such embodiments, hybridization of the compound to a target nucleic acid results in alteration of translation of the target nucleic acid.

Antisense activities may be observed directly or indirectly. In certain embodiments, observation or detection of an antisense activity involves observation or detection of a change in an amount of a target nucleic acid or protein encoded by such target nucleic acid, a change in the ratio of splice variants of a nucleic acid or protein, and/or a phenotypic change in a cell or animal.

Target Nucleic Acids, Target Regions and Nucleotide Sequences

In certain embodiments, compounds described herein comprise or consist of an oligonucleotide comprising a region that is complementary to a target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is an endogenous RNA molecule. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid encodes a protein. In certain such embodiments, the target nucleic acid is selected from: an mRNA and a pre-mRNA, including intronic, exonic and untranslated regions. In certain embodiments, the target RNA is an mRNA. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is a pre-mRNA. In certain such embodiments, the target region is entirely within an intron. In certain embodiments, the target region spans an intron/exon junction. In certain embodiments, the target region is at least 50% within an intron.

Nucleotide sequences that encode MALAT1 include, without limitation, the following: RefSEQ No. XR_001309.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1), which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Hybridization

In some embodiments, hybridization occurs between a compound disclosed herein and a MALAT1 nucleic acid. The most common mechanism of hybridization involves hydrogen bonding (e.g., Watson-Crick, Hoogsteen or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding) between complementary nucleobases of the nucleic acid molecules.

Hybridization can occur under varying conditions. Hybridization conditions are sequence-dependent and are determined by the nature and composition of the nucleic acid molecules to be hybridized.

Methods of determining whether a sequence is specifically hybridizable to a target nucleic acid are well known in the art. In certain embodiments, the compounds provided herein are specifically hybridizable with a MALAT1 nucleic acid.

Complementarity

An oligonucleotide is said to be complementary to another nucleic acid when the nucleobase sequence of such oligonucleotide or one or more regions thereof matches the nucleobase sequence of another oligonucleotide or nucleic acid or one or more regions thereof when the two nucleobase sequences are aligned in opposing directions. Nucleobase matches or complementary nucleobases, as described herein, are limited to the following pairs: adenine (A) and thymine (T), adenine (A) and uracil (U), cytosine (C) and guanine (G), and 5-methyl cytosine (mC) and guanine (G) unless otherwise specified. Complementary oligonucleotides and/or nucleic acids need not have nucleobase complementarity at each nucleoside and may include one or more nucleobase mismatches. An oligonucleotide is fully complementary or 100% complementary when such oligonucleotides have nucleobase matches at each nucleoside without any nucleobase mismatches.

In certain embodiments, compounds described herein comprise or consist of modified oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, compounds described herein are antisense compounds. In certain embodiments, compounds comprise oligomeric compounds. Non-complementary nucleobases between a compound and a MALAT1 nucleic acid may be tolerated provided that the compound remains able to specifically hybridize to a target nucleic acid. Moreover, a compound may hybridize over one or more segments of a MALAT1 nucleic acid such that intervening or adjacent segments are not involved in the hybridization event (e.g., a loop structure, mismatch or hairpin structure).

In certain embodiments, the compounds provided herein, or a specified portion thereof, are, are at least, or are up to 70%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% complementary to a MALAT1 nucleic acid, a target region, target segment, or specified portion thereof. In certain embodiments, the compounds provided herein, or a specified portion thereof, are 70% to 75%, 75% to 80%, 80% to 85%, 85% to 90%, 90% to 95%, 95% to 100%, or any number in between these ranges, complementary to a MALAT1 nucleic acid, a target region, target segment, or specified portion thereof. Percent complementarity of a compound with a target nucleic acid can be determined using routine methods.

For example, a compound in which 18 of 20 nucleobases of the compound are complementary to a target region, and would therefore specifically hybridize, would represent 90 percent complementarity. In this example, the remaining non-complementary nucleobases may be clustered or interspersed with complementary nucleobases and need not be contiguous to each other or to complementary nucleobases. As such, a compound which consisting of 18 nucleobases having four non-complementary nucleobases which are flanked by two regions of complete complementarity with the target nucleic acid would have 77.8% overall complementarity with the target nucleic acid. Percent complementarity of a compound with a region of a target nucleic acid can be determined routinely using BLAST programs (basic local alignment search tools) and PowerBLAST programs known in the art (Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol., 1990, 215, 403 410; Zhang and Madden, Genome Res., 1997, 7, 649 656). Percent homology, sequence identity or complementarity, can be determined by, for example, the Gap program (Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package, Version 8 for Unix, Genetics Computer Group, University Research Park, Madison Wis.), using default settings, which uses the algorithm of Smith and Waterman (Adv. Appl. Math., 1981, 2, 482 489).

In certain embodiments, compounds described herein, or specified portions thereof, are fully complementary (i.e. 100% complementary) to a target nucleic acid, or specified portion thereof. For example, a compound may be fully complementary to a MALAT1 nucleic acid, or a target region, or a target segment or target sequence thereof. As used herein, “fully complementary” means each nucleobase of a compound is complementary to the corresponding nucleobase of a target nucleic acid. For example, a 20 nucleobase compound is fully complementary to a target sequence that is 400 nucleobases long, so long as there is a corresponding 20 nucleobase portion of the target nucleic acid that is fully complementary to the compound. Fully complementary can also be used in reference to a specified portion of the first and/or the second nucleic acid. For example, a 20 nucleobase portion of a 30 nucleobase compound can be “fully complementary” to a target sequence that is 400 nucleobases long. The 20 nucleobase portion of the 30 nucleobase compound is fully complementary to the target sequence if the target sequence has a corresponding 20 nucleobase portion wherein each nucleobase is complementary to the 20 nucleobase portion of the compound. At the same time, the entire 30 nucleobase compound may or may not be fully complementary to the target sequence, depending on whether the remaining 10 nucleobases of the compound are also complementary to the target sequence.

In certain embodiments, compounds described herein comprise one or more mismatched nucleobases relative to the target nucleic acid. In certain such embodiments, antisense activity against the target is reduced by such mismatch, but activity against a non-target is reduced by a greater amount. Thus, in certain such embodiments selectivity of the compound is improved. In certain embodiments, the mismatch is specifically positioned within an oligonucleotide having a gapmer motif. In certain such embodiments, the mismatch is at position 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 from the 5′-end of the gap region. In certain such embodiments, the mismatch is at position 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 from the 3′-end of the gap region. In certain such embodiments, the mismatch is at position 1, 2, 3, or 4 from the 5′-end of the wing region. In certain such embodiments, the mismatch is at position 4, 3, 2, or 1 from the 3′-end of the wing region. In certain embodiments, the mismatch is specifically positioned within an oligonucleotide not having a gapmer motif. In certain such embodiments, the mismatch is at position 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 from the 5′-end of the oligonucleotide. In certain such embodiments, the mismatch is at position, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 from the 3′-end of the oligonucleotide.

The location of a non-complementary nucleobase may be at the 5′ end or 3′ end of the compound. Alternatively, the non-complementary nucleobase or nucleobases may be at an internal position of the compound. When two or more non-complementary nucleobases are present, they may be contiguous (i.e. linked) or non-contiguous. In one embodiment, a non-complementary nucleobase is located in the wing segment of a gapmer oligonucleotide.

In certain embodiments, compounds described herein that are, or are up to 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleobases in length comprise no more than 4, no more than 3, no more than 2, or no more than 1 non-complementary nucleobase(s) relative to a target nucleic acid, such as a MALAT1 nucleic acid, or specified portion thereof.

In certain embodiments, compounds described herein that are, or are up to 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 nucleobases in length comprise no more than 6, no more than 5, no more than 4, no more than 3, no more than 2, or no more than 1 non-complementary nucleobase(s) relative to a target nucleic acid, such as a MALAT1 nucleic acid, or specified portion thereof.

In certain embodiments, compounds described herein also include those which are complementary to a portion of a target nucleic acid. As used herein, “portion” refers to a defined number of contiguous (i.e. linked) nucleobases within a region or segment of a target nucleic acid. A “portion” can also refer to a defined number of contiguous nucleobases of a compound. In certain embodiments, the—compounds, are complementary to at least an 8 nucleobase portion of a target segment. In certain embodiments, the compounds are complementary to at least a 9 nucleobase portion of a target segment. In certain embodiments, the compounds are complementary to at least a 10 nucleobase portion of a target segment. In certain embodiments, the compounds are complementary to at least an 11 nucleobase portion of a target segment. In certain embodiments, the compounds are complementary to at least a 12 nucleobase portion of a target segment. In certain embodiments, the compounds are complementary to at least a 13 nucleobase portion of a target segment.

In certain embodiments, the compounds are complementary to at least a 14 nucleobase portion of a target segment. In certain embodiments, the compounds are complementary to at least a 15 nucleobase portion of a target segment. In certain embodiments, the compounds are complementary to at least a 16 nucleobase portion of a target segment. Also contemplated are compounds that are complementary to at least a 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or more nucleobase portion of a target segment, or a range defined by any two of these values.

Identity

The compounds provided herein may also have a defined percent identity to a particular nucleotide sequence, SEQ ID NO, or compound represented by a specific ION number, or portion thereof. In certain embodiments, compounds described herein are antisense compounds or oligomeric compounds. In certain embodiments, compounds described herein are modified oligonucleotides. As used herein, a compound is identical to the sequence disclosed herein if it has the same nucleobase pairing ability. For example, a RNA which contains uracil in place of thymidine in a disclosed DNA sequence would be considered identical to the DNA sequence since both uracil and thymidine pair with adenine. Shortened and lengthened versions of the compounds described herein as well as compounds having non-identical bases relative to the compounds provided herein also are contemplated. The non-identical bases may be adjacent to each other or dispersed throughout the compound. Percent identity of an compound is calculated according to the number of bases that have identical base pairing relative to the sequence to which it is being compared.

In certain embodiments, compounds described herein, or portions thereof, are, or are at least, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to one or more of the compounds or SEQ ID NOs, or a portion thereof, disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, compounds described herein are about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or any percentage between such values, to a particular nucleotide sequence, SEQ ID NO, or compound represented by a specific ION number, or portion thereof, in which the compounds comprise an oligonucleotide having one or more mismatched nucleobases. In certain such embodiments, the mismatch is at position 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 from the 5′-end of the oligonucleotide. In certain such embodiments, the mismatch is at position, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 from the 3′-end of the oligonucleotide.

In certain embodiments, compounds described herein comprise or consist of antisense compounds. In certain embodiments, a portion of the antisense compound is compared to an equal length portion of the target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, an 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 nucleobase portion is compared to an equal length portion of the target nucleic acid.

In certain embodiments, compounds described herein comprise or consist of oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, a portion of the oligonucleotide is compared to an equal length portion of the target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, an 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 nucleobase portion is compared to an equal length portion of the target nucleic acid.

Certain Modified Compounds

In certain embodiments, compounds described herein comprise or consist of oligonucleotides consisting of linked nucleosides. Oligonucleotides may be unmodified oligonucleotides (RNA or DNA) or may be modified oligonucleotides. Modified oligonucleotides comprise at least one modification relative to unmodified RNA or DNA (i.e., comprise at least one modified nucleoside (comprising a modified sugar moiety and/or a modified nucleobase) and/or at least one modified internucleoside linkage).

A. Modified Nucleosides

Modified nucleosides comprise a modified sugar moiety or a modified nucleobase or both a modified sugar moiety and a modified nucleobase.

1. Modified Sugar Moieties

In certain embodiments, sugar moieties are non-bicyclic modified sugar moieties. In certain embodiments, modified sugar moieties are bicyclic or tricyclic sugar moieties. In certain embodiments, modified sugar moieties are sugar surrogates. Such sugar surrogates may comprise one or more substitutions corresponding to those of other types of modified sugar moieties.

In certain embodiments, modified sugar moieties are non-bicyclic modified sugar moieties comprising a furanosyl ring with one or more acyclic substituent, including but not limited to substituents at the 2′, 4′, and/or 5′ positions. In certain embodiments one or more acyclic substituent of non-bicyclic modified sugar moieties is branched. Examples of 2′-substituent groups suitable for non-bicyclic modified sugar moieties include but are not limited to: 2′-F, 2′-OCH₃ (“OMe” or “O-methyl”), and 2′-O(CH₂)₂OCH₃ (“MOE”). In certain embodiments, 2′-substituent groups are selected from among: halo, allyl, amino, azido, SH, CN, OCN, CF₃, OCF₃, O—C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, O—C₁-C₁₀ substituted alkoxy, O—C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, O—C₁-C₁₀ substituted alkyl, S-alkyl, N(R_(m))-alkyl, O-alkenyl, S-alkenyl, N(R_(m))-alkenyl, O-alkynyl, S-alkynyl, N(R_(m))-alkynyl, O-alkylenyl-O-alkyl, alkynyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, O-alkaryl, O-aralkyl, O(CH₂)₂SCH₃, O(CH₂)₂ON(R_(m))(R_(n)) or OCH₂C(═O)—N(R_(m))(R_(n)), where each R_(m) and R_(n) is, independently, H, an amino protecting group, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, and the 2′-substituent groups described in Cook et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,531,584; Cook et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,859,221; and Cook et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,005,087. Certain embodiments of these 2′-substituent groups can be further substituted with one or more substituent groups independently selected from among: hydroxyl, amino, alkoxy, carboxy, benzyl, phenyl, nitro (NO₂), thiol, thioalkoxy, thioalkyl, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl and alkynyl. Examples of 4′-substituent groups suitable for linearly non-bicyclic modified sugar moieties include but are not limited to alkoxy (e.g., methoxy), alkyl, and those described in Manoharan et al., WO 2015/106128. Examples of 5′-substituent groups suitable for non-bicyclic modified sugar moieties include but are not limited to: 5′-methyl (R or S), 5′-vinyl, and 5′-methoxy. In certain embodiments, non-bicyclic modified sugars comprise more than one non-bridging sugar substituent, for example, 2′-F-5′-methyl sugar moieties and the modified sugar moieties and modified nucleosides described in Migawa et al., US2010/190837 and Rajeev et al., US2013/0203836.

In certain embodiments, a 2′-substituted nucleoside or 2′-non-bicyclic modified nucleoside comprises a sugar moiety comprising a linear 2′-substituent group selected from: F, NH₂, N₃, OCF₃, OCH₃, O(CH₂)₃NH₂, CH₂CH═CH₂, OCH₂CH═CH₂, OCH₂CH₂OCH₃, O(CH₂)₂SCH₃, O(CH₂)₂ON(R_(m))(R_(n)), O(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂N(CH₃)₂, and N-substituted acetamide (OCH₂C(═O)—N(R_(m))(R_(n))), where each R_(m) and R_(n) is, independently, H, an amino protecting group, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.

In certain embodiments, a 2′-substituted nucleoside or 2′-non-bicyclic modified nucleoside comprises a sugar moiety comprising a linear 2′-substituent group selected from: F, OCF₃, OCH₃, OCH₂CH₂OCH₃, O(CH₂)₂SCH₃, O(CH₂)₂ON(CH₃)₂, O(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂N(CH₃)₂, and OCH₂C(═O)—N(H)CH₃ (“NMA”).

In certain embodiments, a 2′-substituted nucleoside or 2′-non-bicyclic modified nucleoside comprises a sugar moiety comprising a linear 2′-substituent group selected from: F, OCH₃, and OCH₂CH₂OCH₃.

Nucleosides comprising modified sugar moieties, such as non-bicyclic modified sugar moieties, are referred to by the position(s) of the substitution(s) on the sugar moiety of the nucleoside. For example, nucleosides comprising 2′-substituted or 2-modified sugar moieties are referred to as 2′-substituted nucleosides or 2-modified nucleosides.

Certain modified sugar moieties comprise a bridging sugar substituent that forms a second ring resulting in a bicyclic sugar moiety. In certain such embodiments, the bicyclic sugar moiety comprises a bridge between the 4′ and the 2′ furanose ring atoms. Examples of such 4′ to 2′ bridging sugar substituents include but are not limited to: 4′-CH₂-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₂-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₃-2′, 4′-CH₂—O-2′ (“LNA”), 4′-CH₂—S-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₂—O-2′ (“ENA”), 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′ (referred to as “constrained ethyl” or “cEt” when in the S configuration), 4′-CH₂—O—CH₂-2′, 4′-CH₂—N(R)-2′, 4′-CH(CH₂OCH₃)—O-2′ (“constrained MOE” or “cMOE”) and analogs thereof (see, e.g., Seth et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,399,845, Bhat et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,569,686, Swayze et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,741,457, and Swayze et al., U.S. Pat. No. 8,022,193), 4′-C(CH₃)(CH₃)—O-2′ and analogs thereof (see, e.g., Seth et al., U.S. Pat. No. 8,278,283), 4′-CH₂—N(OCH₃)-2′ and analogs thereof (see, e.g., Prakash et al., U.S. Pat. No. 8,278,425), 4′-CH₂—O—N(CH₃)-2′ (see, e.g., Allerson et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,696,345 and Allerson et al., U.S. Pat. No. 8,124,745), 4′-CH₂—C(H)(CH₃)-2′ (see, e.g., Zhou, et al., J. Org. Chem., 2009, 74, 118-134), 4′-CH₂—C(═CH₂)-2′ and analogs thereof (see e.g., Seth et al., U.S. Pat. No. 8,278,426), 4′-C(R_(a)R_(b))—N(R)—O-2′, 4′-C(R_(a)R_(b))—O—N(R)-2′, 4′-CH₂—O—N(R)-2′, and 4′-CH₂—N(R)—O-2′, wherein each R, R_(a), and R_(b) is, independently, H, a protecting group, or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl (see, e.g. Imanishi et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,427,672).

In certain embodiments, such 4′ to 2′ bridges independently comprise from 1 to 4 linked groups independently selected from: —[C(R_(a))(R_(b))]_(n)—, —[C(R_(a))(R_(b))]_(n)—O—, —C(R_(a))═C(R_(b))—, —C(R_(a))═N—, —C(═NR_(a))—, —C(═O)—, —C(═S)—, —O—, —Si(R_(a))₂—, —S(═O)_(n)—, and —N(R_(a))—;

wherein:

x is 0, 1, or 2;

n is 1, 2, 3, or 4;

each R_(a) and R_(b) is, independently, H, a protecting group, hydroxyl, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, substituted C₅-C₂₀ aryl, heterocycle radical, substituted heterocycle radical, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, C₅-C₇ alicyclic radical, substituted C₅-C₇ alicyclic radical, halogen, OJ₁, NJ₁J₂, SJ₁, N₃, COOJ₁, acyl (C(═O)—H), substituted acyl, CN, sulfonyl (S(═O)₂-J₁), or sulfoxyl (S(═O)-J₁); and each J₁ and J₂ is, independently, H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, substituted C₅-C₂₀ aryl, acyl (C(═O)—H), substituted acyl, a heterocycle radical, a substituted heterocycle radical, C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl, or a protecting group.

Additional bicyclic sugar moieties are known in the art, see, for example: Freier et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 1997, 25(22), 4429-4443, Albaek et al., J. Org. Chem., 2006, 71, 7731-7740, Singh et al., Chem. Commun., 1998, 4, 455-456; Koshkin et al., Tetrahedron, 1998, 54, 3607-3630; Wahlestedt et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S. A., 2000, 97, 5633-5638; Kumar et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1998, 8, 2219-2222; Singh et al., J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 10035-10039; Srivastava et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129, 8362-8379; Elayadi et al., Curr. Opinion Invens. Drugs, 2001, 2, 558-561; Braasch et al., Chem. Biol., 2001, 8, 1-7; Orum et al., Curr. Opinion Mol. Ther., 2001, 3, 239-243; Wengel et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,053,207, Imanishi et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,268,490, Imanishi et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,770,748, Imanishi et al., U.S. RE44,779; Wengel et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,794,499, Wengel et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,670,461; Wengel et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,034,133, Wengel et al., U.S. Pat. No. 8,080,644; Wengel et al., U.S. Pat. No. 8,034,909; Wengel et al., U.S. Pat. No. 8,153,365; Wengel et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,572,582; and Ramasamy et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,525,191, Torsten et al., WO 2004/106356, Wengel et al., WO 1999/014226; Seth et al., WO 2007/134181; Seth et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,547,684; Seth et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,666,854; Seth et al., U.S. Pat. No. 8,088,746; Seth et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,750,131; Seth et al., U.S. Pat. No. 8,030,467; Seth et al., U.S. Pat. No. 8,268,980; Seth et al., U.S. Pat. No. 8,546,556; Seth et al., U.S. Pat. No. 8,530,640; Migawa et al., U.S. Pat. No. 9,012,421; Seth et al., U.S. Pat. No. 8,501,805; Allerson et al., US2008/0039618; and Migawa et al., US2015/0191727.

In certain embodiments, bicyclic sugar moieties and nucleosides incorporating such bicyclic sugar moieties are further defined by isomeric configuration. For example, an LNA nucleoside (described herein) may be in the α-L configuration or in the β-D configuration.

α-L-methyleneoxy (4′-CH₂—O-2′) or α-L-LNA bicyclic nucleosides have been incorporated into oligonucleotides that showed antisense activity (Frieden et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 2003, 21, 6365-6372). Herein, general descriptions of bicyclic nucleosides include both isomeric configurations. When the positions of specific bicyclic nucleosides (e.g., LNA or cEt) are identified in exemplified embodiments herein, they are in the β-D configuration, unless otherwise specified.

In certain embodiments, modified sugar moieties comprise one or more non-bridging sugar substituent and one or more bridging sugar substituent (e.g., 5′-substituted and 4′-2′ bridged sugars).

In certain embodiments, modified sugar moieties are sugar surrogates. In certain such embodiments, the oxygen atom of the sugar moiety is replaced, e.g., with a sulfur, carbon or nitrogen atom. In certain such embodiments, such modified sugar moieties also comprise bridging and/or non-bridging substituents as described herein. For example, certain sugar surrogates comprise a 4′-sulfur atom and a substitution at the 2′-position (see, e.g., Bhat et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,875,733 and Bhat et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,939,677) and/or the 5′ position.

In certain embodiments, sugar surrogates comprise rings having other than 5 atoms. For example, in certain embodiments, a sugar surrogate comprises a six-membered tetrahydropyran (“THP”). Such tetrahydropyrans may be further modified or substituted. Nucleosides comprising such modified tetrahydropyrans include but are not limited to hexitol nucleic acid (“HNA”), anitol nucleic acid (“ANA”), manitol nucleic acid (“MNA”) (see e.g., Leumann, C J. Bioorg. & Med. Chem. 2002, 10, 841-854), fluoro HNA:

(“F-HNA”, see e.g., Swayze et al., U.S. Pat. No. 8,088,904; Swayze et al., U.S. Pat. No. 8,440,803; and Swayze et al., U.S. Pat. No. 9,005,906, F-HNA can also be referred to as a F-THP or 3′-fluoro tetrahydropyran), and nucleosides comprising additional modified THP compounds having the formula:

wherein, independently, for each of said modified THP nucleoside:

Bx is a nucleobase moiety;

T₃ and T₄ are each, independently, an internucleoside linking group linking the modified THP nucleoside to the remainder of an oligonucleotide or one of T₃ and T₄ is an internucleoside linking group linking the modified THP nucleoside to the remainder of an oligonucleotide and the other of T₃ and T₄ is H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a linked conjugate group, or a 5′ or 3′-terminal group; q₁, q₂, q₃, q₄, q₅, q₆ and q₇ are each, independently, H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl; and each of R₁ and R₂ is independently selected from among: hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, NJ₁J₂, SJ₁, N₃, OC(═X)J₁, OC(═X)NJ₁J₂, NJ₃C(═X)NJ₁J₂, and CN, wherein X is 0, S or NJ₁, and each J₁, J₂, and J₃ is, independently, H or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In certain embodiments, modified THP nucleosides are provided wherein q₁, q₂, q₃, q₄, q₅, q₆ and q₇ are each H. In certain embodiments, at least one of q₁, q₂, q₃, q₄, q₅, q₆ and q₇ is other than H. In certain embodiments, at least one of q₁, q₂, q₃, q₄, q₅, q₆ and q₇ is methyl. In certain embodiments, modified THP nucleosides are provided wherein one of R₁ and R₂ is F. In certain embodiments, R₁ is F and R₂ is H, in certain embodiments, R₁ is methoxy and R₂ is H, and in certain embodiments, R₁ is methoxyethoxy and R₂ is H.

In certain embodiments, sugar surrogates comprise rings having more than 5 atoms and more than one heteroatom. For example, nucleosides comprising morpholino sugar moieties and their use in oligonucleotides have been reported (see, e.g., Braasch et al., Biochemistry, 2002, 41, 4503-4510 and Summerton et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,698,685; Summerton et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,315; Summerton et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,185,444; and Summerton et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,506). As used here, the term “morpholino” means a sugar surrogate having the following structure:

In certain embodiments, morpholinos may be modified, for example by adding or altering various substituent groups from the above morpholino structure. Such sugar surrogates are referred to herein as “modified morpholinos.”

In certain embodiments, sugar surrogates comprise acyclic moieties. Examples of nucleosides and oligonucleotides comprising such acyclic sugar surrogates include but are not limited to: peptide nucleic acid (“PNA”), acyclic butyl nucleic acid (see, e.g., Kumar et al., Org. Biomol. Chem., 2013, 11, 5853-5865), and nucleosides and oligonucleotides described in Manoharan et al., US2013/130378.

Many other bicyclic and tricyclic sugar and sugar surrogate ring systems are known in the art that can be used in modified nucleosides.

2. Modified Nucleobases

Nucleobase (or base) modifications or substitutions are structurally distinguishable from, yet functionally interchangeable with, naturally occurring or synthetic unmodified nucleobases. Both natural and modified nucleobases are capable of participating in hydrogen bonding. Such nucleobase modifications can impart nuclease stability, binding affinity or some other beneficial biological property to antisense compounds.

In certain embodiments, compounds described herein comprise modified oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides comprise one or more nucleoside comprising an unmodified nucleobase. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides comprise one or more nucleoside comprising a modified nucleobase. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides comprise one or more nucleoside that does not comprise a nucleobase, referred to as an abasic nucleoside.

In certain embodiments, modified nucleobases are selected from: 5-substituted pyrimidines, 6-azapyrimi¬dines, alkyl or alkynyl substituted pyrimidines, alkyl substituted purines, and N-2, N-6 and 0-6 substituted purines. In certain embodiments, modified nucleobases are selected from: 2-aminopropyladenine, 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, 5-methylcytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-N-methylguanine, 6-N-methyladenine, 2-propyladenine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-propynyl (C≡C—CH₃) uracil, 5-propynylcytosine, 6-azouracil, 6-azocytosine, 6-azothymine, 5-ribosyluracil (pseudouracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl, 8-aza and other 8-substituted purines, 5-halo, particularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl, 5-halouracil, and 5-halocytosine, 7-methylguanine, 7-methyladenine, 2-F-adenine, 2-aminoadenine, 7-deazaguanine, 7-deazaadenine, 3-deazaguanine, 3-deazaadenine, 6-N-benzoyladenine, 2-N-isobutyrylguanine, 4-N-benzoylcytosine, 4-N-benzoyluracil, 5-methyl 4-N-benzoylcytosine, 5-methyl 4-N-benzoyluracil, universal bases, hydrophobic bases, promiscuous bases, size-expanded bases, and fluorinated bases. Further modified nucleobases include tricyclic pyrimidines, such as 1,3-diazaphenoxazine-2-one, 1,3-diazaphenothiazine-2-one and 9-(2-aminoethoxy)-1,3-diazaphenoxazine-2-one (G-clamp). Modified nucleobases may also include those in which the purine or pyrimidine base is replaced with other heterocycles, for example 7-deaza-adenine, 7-deazaguanosine, 2-aminopyridine and 2-pyridone. Further nucleobases include those disclosed in Merigan et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, those disclosed in The Concise Encyclopedia Of Polymer Science And Engineering, Kroschwitz, J. I., Ed., John Wiley & Sons, 1990, 858-859; Englisch et al., Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, 1991, 30, 613; Sanghvi, Y. S., Chapter 15, Antisense Research and Applications, Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., Eds., CRC Press, 1993, 273-288; and those disclosed in Chapters 6 and 15, Antisense Drug Technology, Crooke S. T., Ed., CRC Press, 2008, 163-166 and 442-443.

Publications that teach the preparation of certain of the above noted modified nucleobases as well as other modified nucleobases include without limitation, Manoharan et al., US2003/0158403, Manoharan et al., US2003/0175906; Dinh et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,845,205; Spielvogel et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,130,302; Rogers et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,134,066; Bischofberger et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,175,273; Urdea et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,367,066; Benner et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,272; Matteucci et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,434,257; Gmeiner et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,457,187; Cook et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,459,255; Froehler et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,484,908; Matteucci et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,502,177; Hawkins et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,525,711; Haralambidis et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,552,540; Cook et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,469; Froehler et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,594,121; Switzer et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,596,091; Cook et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,614,617; Froehler et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,645,985; Cook et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,681,941; Cook et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,811,534; Cook et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,692; Cook et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,948,903; Cook et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,470; Cook et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,457,191; Matteucci et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,763,588; Froehler et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,653; Cook et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,808,027; Cook et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,166,199; and Matteucci et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,005,096.

In certain embodiments, compounds targeted to a MALAT1 nucleic acid comprise one or more modified nucleobases. In certain embodiments, the modified nucleobase is 5-methylcytosine. In certain embodiments, each cytosine is a 5-methylcytosine.

3. Modified Internucleoside Linkages

The naturally occurring internucleoside linkage of RNA and DNA is a 3′ to 5′ phosphodiester linkage In certain embodiments, compounds described herein having one or more modified, i.e. non-naturally occurring, internucleoside linkages are often selected over compounds having naturally occurring internucleoside linkages because of desirable properties such as, for example, enhanced cellular uptake, enhanced affinity for target nucleic acids, and increased stability in the presence of nucleases.

Representative internucleoside linkages having a chiral center include but are not limited to alkylphosphonates and phosphorothioates. Modified oligonucleotides comprising internucleoside linkages having a chiral center can be prepared as populations of modified oligonucleotides comprising stereorandom internucleoside linkages, or as populations of modified oligonucleotides comprising phosphorothioate linkages in particular stereochemical configurations. In certain embodiments, populations of modified oligonucleotides comprise phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages wherein all of the phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages are stereorandom. Such modified oligonucleotides can be generated using synthetic methods that result in random selection of the stereochemical configuration of each phosphorothioate linkage. Nonetheless, as is well understood by those of skill in the art, each individual phosphorothioate of each individual oligonucleotide molecule has a defined stereoconfiguration. In certain embodiments, populations of modified oligonucleotides are enriched for modified oligonucleotides comprising one or more particular phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages in a particular, independently selected stereochemical configuration. In certain embodiments, the particular configuration of the particular phosphorothioate linkage is present in at least 65% of the molecules in the population. In certain embodiments, the particular configuration of the particular phosphorothioate linkage is present in at least 70% of the molecules in the population. In certain embodiments, the particular configuration of the particular phosphorothioate linkage is present in at least 80% of the molecules in the population. In certain embodiments, the particular configuration of the particular phosphorothioate linkage is present in at least 90% of the molecules in the population. In certain embodiments, the particular configuration of the particular phosphorothioate linkage is present in at least 99% of the molecules in the population. Such chirally enriched populations of modified oligonucleotides can be generated using synthetic methods known in the art, e.g., methods described in Oka et al., JACS 125, 8307 (2003), Wan et al. Nuc. Acid. Res. 42, 13456 (2014), and WO 2017/015555. In certain embodiments, a population of modified oligonucleotides is enriched for modified oligonucleotides having at least one indicated phosphorothioate in the (Sp) configuration. In certain embodiments, a population of modified oligonucleotides is enriched for modified oligonucleotides having at least one phosphorothioate in the (Rp) configuration. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides comprising (Rp) and/or (Sp) phosphorothioates comprise one or more of the following formulas, respectively, wherein “B” indicates a nucleobase:

Unless otherwise indicated, chiral internucleoside linkages of modified oligonucleotides described herein can be stereorandom or in a particular stereochemical configuration.

In certain embodiments, compounds targeted to an MALAT1 nucleic acid comprise one or more modified internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, the modified internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, each internucleoside linkage of an antisense compound is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.

In certain embodiments, compounds described herein comprise oligonucleotides. Oligonucleotides having modified internucleoside linkages include internucleoside linkages that retain a phosphorus atom as well as internucleoside linkages that do not have a phosphorus atom. Representative phosphorus containing internucleoside linkages include, but are not limited to, phosphodiesters, phosphotriesters, methylphosphonates, phosphoramidate, and phosphorothioates. Methods of preparation of phosphorous-containing and non-phosphorous-containing linkages are well known.

In certain embodiments, nucleosides of modified oligonucleotides may be linked together using any internucleoside linkage. The two main classes of internucleoside linking groups are defined by the presence or absence of a phosphorus atom. Representative phosphorus-containing internucleoside linkages include but are not limited to phosphates, which contain a phosphodiester bond (“P═O”) (also referred to as unmodified or naturally occurring linkages), phosphotriesters, methylphosphonates, phosphoramidates, and phosphorothioates (“P═S”), and phosphorodithioates (“HS—P═S”). Representative non-phosphorus containing internucleoside linking groups include but are not limited to methylenemethylimino (—CH2-N(CH3)-O-CH2-), thiodiester, thionocarbamate (—O—C(═O)(NH)—S—); siloxane (—O—SiH2-O—); and N,N′-dimethylhydrazine (—CH2-N(CH3)-N(CH3)-). Modified internucleoside linkages, compared to naturally occurring phosphate linkages, can be used to alter, typically increase, nuclease resistance of the oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, internucleoside linkages having a chiral atom can be prepared as a racemic mixture, or as separate enantiomers. Representative chiral internucleoside linkages include but are not limited to alkylphosphonates and phosphorothioates. Methods of preparation of phosphorous-containing and non-phosphorous-containing internucleoside linkages are well known to those skilled in the art.

Neutral internucleoside linkages include, without limitation, phosphotriesters, methylphosphonates, MMI (3′-CH2-N(CH3)-O-5), amide-3 (3′-CH2-C(═O)—N(H)-5′), amide-4 (3′-CH2-N(H)—C(═O)-5′), formacetal (3′-O—CH2-O-5), methoxypropyl, and thioformacetal (3′-S—CH2-O-5′). Further neutral internucleoside linkages include nonionic linkages comprising siloxane (dialkylsiloxane), carboxylate ester, carboxamide, sulfide, sulfonate ester and amides (See for example: Carbohydrate Modifications in Antisense Research; Y. S. Sanghvi and P. D. Cook, Eds., ACS Symposium Series 580; Chapters 3 and 4, 40-65). Further neutral internucleoside linkages include nonionic linkages comprising mixed N, O, S and CH₂ component parts.

In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides comprise modified internucleoside linkages arranged along the oligonucleotide or region thereof in a defined pattern or modified internucleoside linkage motif. In certain embodiments, internucleoside linkages are arranged in a gapped motif. In such embodiments, the internucleoside linkages in each of two wing regions are different from the internucleoside linkages in the gap region. In certain embodiments the internucleoside linkages in the wings are phosphodiester and the internucleoside linkages in the gap are phosphorothioate. The nucleoside motif is independently selected, so such oligonucleotides having a gapped internucleoside linkage motif may or may not have a gapped nucleoside motif and if it does have a gapped nucleoside motif, the wing and gap lengths may or may not be the same.

In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides comprise a region having an alternating internucleoside linkage motif. In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides comprise a region of uniformly modified internucleoside linkages. In certain such embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises a region that is uniformly linked by phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide is uniformly linked by phosphorothioate. In certain embodiments, each internucleoside linkage of the oligonucleotide is selected from phosphodiester and phosphorothioate. In certain embodiments, each internucleoside linkage of the oligonucleotide is selected from phosphodiester and phosphorothioate and at least one internucleoside linkage is phosphorothioate.

In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises at least 6 phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises at least 8 phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises at least 10 phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises at least one block of at least 6 consecutive phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises at least one block of at least 8 consecutive phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises at least one block of at least 10 consecutive phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises at least block of at least one 12 consecutive phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. In certain such embodiments, at least one such block is located at the 3′ end of the oligonucleotide. In certain such embodiments, at least one such block is located within 3 nucleosides of the 3′ end of the oligonucleotide.

In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides comprise one or more methylphosponate linkages. In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides having a gapmer nucleoside motif comprise a linkage motif comprising all phosphorothioate linkages except for one or two methylphosponate linkages. In certain embodiments, one methylphosponate linkage is in the central gap of an oligonucleotide having a gapmer nucleoside motif.

In certain embodiments, it is desirable to arrange the number of phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages and phosphodiester internucleoside linkages to maintain nuclease resistance. In certain embodiments, it is desirable to arrange the number and position of phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages and the number and position of phosphodiester internucleoside linkages to maintain nuclease resistance. In certain embodiments, the number of phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages may be decreased and the number of phosphodiester internucleoside linkages may be increased. In certain embodiments, the number of phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages may be decreased and the number of phosphodiester internucleoside linkages may be increased while still maintaining nuclease resistance. In certain embodiments it is desirable to decrease the number of phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages while retaining nuclease resistance. In certain embodiments it is desirable to increase the number of phosphodiester internucleoside linkages while retaining nuclease resistance.

Certain Motifs

In certain embodiments, compounds described herein comprise oligonucleotides. Oligonucleotides can have a motif, e.g. a pattern of unmodified and/or modified sugar moieties, nucleobases, and/or internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides comprise one or more modified nucleoside comprising a modified sugar. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides comprise one or more modified nucleosides comprising a modified nucleobase. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides comprise one or more modified internucleoside linkage. In such embodiments, the modified, unmodified, and differently modified sugar moieties, nucleobases, and/or internucleoside linkages of a modified oligonucleotide define a pattern or motif. In certain embodiments, the patterns of sugar moieties, nucleobases, and internucleoside linkages are each independent of one another. Thus, a modified oligonucleotide may be described by its sugar motif, nucleobase motif and/or internucleoside linkage motif (as used herein, nucleobase motif describes the modifications to the nucleobases independent of the sequence of nucleobases).

a. Certain Sugar Motifs

In certain embodiments, compounds described herein comprise oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides comprise one or more type of modified sugar and/or unmodified sugar moiety arranged along the oligonucleotide or region thereof in a defined pattern or sugar motif. In certain instances, such sugar motifs include but are not limited to any of the sugar modifications discussed herein.

In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides comprise or consist of a region having a gapmer motif, which comprises two external regions or “wings” and a central or internal region or “gap.” The three regions of a gapmer motif (the 5′-wing, the gap, and the 3′-wing) form a contiguous sequence of nucleosides wherein at least some of the sugar moieties of the nucleosides of each of the wings differ from at least some of the sugar moieties of the nucleosides of the gap. Specifically, at least the sugar moieties of the nucleosides of each wing that are closest to the gap (the 3′-most nucleoside of the 5′-wing and the 5′-most nucleoside of the 3′-wing) differ from the sugar moiety of the neighboring gap nucleosides, thus defining the boundary between the wings and the gap (i.e., the wing/gap junction). In certain embodiments, the sugar moieties within the gap are the same as one another. In certain embodiments, the gap includes one or more nucleoside having a sugar moiety that differs from the sugar moiety of one or more other nucleosides of the gap. In certain embodiments, the sugar motifs of the two wings are the same as one another (symmetric gapmer). In certain embodiments, the sugar motif of the 5′-wing differs from the sugar motif of the 3′-wing (asymmetric gapmer).

In certain embodiments, the wings of a gapmer comprise 1-5 nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the wings of a gapmer comprise 2-5 nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the wings of a gapmer comprise 3-5 nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the nucleosides of a gapmer are all modified nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, the gap of a gapmer comprises 7-12 nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the gap of a gapmer comprises 7-10 nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the gap of a gapmer comprises 8-10 nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the gap of a gapmer comprises 10 nucleosides. In certain embodiment, each nucleoside of the gap of a gapmer is an unmodified 2′-deoxy nucleoside.

In certain embodiments, the gapmer is a deoxy gapmer. In such embodiments, the nucleosides on the gap side of each wing/gap junction are unmodified 2′-deoxy nucleosides and the nucleosides on the wing sides of each wing/gap junction are modified nucleosides. In certain such embodiments, each nucleoside of the gap is an unmodified 2′-deoxy nucleoside. In certain such embodiments, each nucleoside of each wing is a modified nucleoside.

In certain embodiments, a modified oligonucleotide has a fully modified sugar motif wherein each nucleoside of the modified oligonucleotide comprises a modified sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides comprise or consist of a region having a fully modified sugar motif wherein each nucleoside of the region comprises a modified sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides comprise or consist of a region having a fully modified sugar motif, wherein each nucleoside within the fully modified region comprises the same modified sugar moiety, referred to herein as a uniformly modified sugar motif. In certain embodiments, a fully modified oligonucleotide is a uniformly modified oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of a uniformly modified comprises the same 2′-modification.

In certain embodiments, a modified oligonucleotide can comprise a sugar motif described in Swayze et al., US2010/0197762; Freier et al., US2014/0107330; Freier et al., US2015/0184153; and Seth et al., US2015/0267195, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.

Certain embodiments provided herein are directed to modified oligomeric compounds useful for inhibiting target nucleic acid expression, which can be useful for treating, preventing, ameliorating, or slowing progression of a disease associated with such a target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the modified oligomeric compounds comprise antisense oligonucleotides that are gapmers having certain sugar motifs. In certain embodiments, the gapmer sugar motifs provided herein can be combined with any nucleobase sequence and any internucleoside linkage motif to form potent antisense oligonucleotides.

In certain embodiments, a method comprises contacting a cell or administering to a subject a compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 linked nucleosides and having the motif: ekk-d9-kkee, wherein ‘d’ represents a 2′-deoxyribose sugar, ‘k’ represents a cEt nucleoside, and ‘e’ represents a 2′-MOE nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the cell is a cancer cell. In certain embodiments, the subject has cancer. In certain embodiments, administering the compound to the subject treats the subject's cancer.

In certain embodiments, a method comprises contacting a cell or administering to a subject a compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 linked nucleosides and having the motif: k-d9-kekeke, wherein ‘d’ represents a 2′-deoxyribose sugar, ‘k’ represents a cEt nucleoside, and ‘e’ represents a 2′-MOE nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the cell is a cancer cell. In certain embodiments, the subject has cancer.

In certain embodiments, administering the compound to the subject treats the subject's cancer.

In certain embodiments, a method comprises contacting a cell or administering to a subject a compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 linked nucleosides and having the motif: kkk-d8-kekek, wherein ‘d’ represents a 2′-deoxyribose sugar, ‘k’ represents a cEt nucleoside, and ‘e’ represents a 2′-MOE nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the cell is a cancer cell. In certain embodiments, the subject has cancer. In certain embodiments, administering the compound to the subject treats the subject's cancer.

In certain embodiments, a method comprises contacting a cell or administering to a subject a compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 linked nucleosides and having the motif: kkk-d9-keke, wherein ‘d’ represents a 2′-deoxyribose sugar, ‘k’ represents a cEt nucleoside, and ‘e’ represents a 2′-MOE nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the cell is a cancer cell. In certain embodiments, the subject has cancer.

In certain embodiments, administering the compound to the subject treats the subject's cancer.

In certain embodiments, a method comprises contacting a cell or administering to a subject a compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 linked nucleosides and having the motif: kk-d9-kdkdk, wherein ‘d’ represents a 2′-deoxyribose sugar, ‘k’ represents a cEt nucleoside, and ‘e’ represents a 2′-MOE nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the cell is a cancer cell. In certain embodiments, the subject has cancer. In certain embodiments, administering the compound to the subject treats the subject's cancer.

In certain embodiments, a compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 linked nucleosides and having the motif: kk-d9-eeekk, wherein ‘d’ represents a 2′-deoxyribose sugar, ‘k’ represents a cEt nucleoside, and ‘e’ represents a 2′-MOE nucleoside. In certain embodiments, a method comprises contacting a cell or administering to a subject a compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 linked nucleosides and having the motif: kk-d9-eeekk, wherein ‘d’ represents a 2′-deoxyribose sugar, ‘k’ represents a cEt nucleoside, and ‘e’ represents a 2′-MOE nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the cell is a cancer cell. In certain embodiments, the subject has cancer. In certain embodiments, administering the compound to the subject treats the subject's cancer.

In certain embodiments, a method comprises contacting a cell or administering to a subject a compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 16 linked nucleosides and having the motif: kk-d9-ekeke, wherein ‘d’ represents a 2′-deoxyribose sugar, ‘k’ represents a cEt nucleoside, and ‘e’ represents a 2′-MOE nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the cell is a cancer cell. In certain embodiments, the subject has cancer. In certain embodiments, administering the compound to the subject treats the subject's cancer.

b. Certain Nucleobase Motifs

In certain embodiments, compounds described herein comprise oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides comprise modified and/or unmodified nucleobases arranged along the oligonucleotide or region thereof in a defined pattern or motif. In certain embodiments, each nucleobase is modified. In certain embodiments, none of the nucleobases are modified. In certain embodiments, each purine or each pyrimidine is modified. In certain embodiments, each adenine is modified. In certain embodiments, each guanine is modified. In certain embodiments, each thymine is modified. In certain embodiments, each uracil is modified. In certain embodiments, each cytosine is modified. In certain embodiments, some or all of the cytosine nucleobases in a modified oligonucleotide are 5-methylcytosines.

In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides comprise a block of modified nucleobases. In certain such embodiments, the block is at the 3′-end of the oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments the block is within 3 nucleosides of the 3′-end of the oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, the block is at the 5′-end of the oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments the block is within 3 nucleosides of the 5′-end of the oligonucleotide.

In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides having a gapmer motif comprise a nucleoside comprising a modified nucleobase. In certain such embodiments, one nucleoside comprising a modified nucleobase is in the central gap of an oligonucleotide having a gapmer motif. In certain such embodiments, the sugar moiety of said nucleoside is a 2′-deoxyribosyl moiety. In certain embodiments, the modified nucleobase is selected from: a 2-thiopyrimidine and a 5-propynepyrimidine.

c. Certain Internucleoside Linkage Motifs

In certain embodiments, compounds described herein comprise oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides comprise modified and/or unmodified internucleoside linkages arranged along the oligonucleotide or region thereof in a defined pattern or motif. In certain embodiments, essentially each internucleoside linking group is a phosphate internucleoside linkage (P═O). In certain embodiments, each internucleoside linking group of a modified oligonucleotide is a phosphorothioate (P═S). In certain embodiments, each internucleoside linking group of a modified oligonucleotide is independently selected from a phosphorothioate and phosphate internucleoside linkage. In certain embodiments, the sugar motif of a modified oligonucleotide is a gapmer and the internucleoside linkages within the gap are all modified. In certain such embodiments, some or all of the internucleoside linkages in the wings are unmodified phosphate linkages. In certain embodiments, the terminal internucleoside linkages are modified.

4. Certain Modified Oligonucleotides

In certain embodiments, compounds described herein comprise modified oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the above modifications (sugar, nucleobase, internucleoside linkage) are incorporated into a modified oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are characterized by their modification, motifs, and overall lengths. In certain embodiments, such parameters are each independent of one another. Thus, unless otherwise indicated, each internucleoside linkage of an oligonucleotide having a gapmer sugar motif may be modified or unmodified and may or may not follow the gapmer modification pattern of the sugar modifications. For example, the internucleoside linkages within the wing regions of a sugar gapmer may be the same or different from one another and may be the same or different from the internucleoside linkages of the gap region of the sugar motif. Likewise, such gapmer oligonucleotides may comprise one or more modified nucleobase independent of the gapmer pattern of the sugar modifications. Furthermore, in certain instances, an oligonucleotide is described by an overall length or range and by lengths or length ranges of two or more regions (e.g., a regions of nucleosides having specified sugar modifications), in such circumstances it may be possible to select numbers for each range that result in an oligonucleotide having an overall length falling outside the specified range. In such circumstances, both elements must be satisfied. For example, in certain embodiments, a modified oligonucleotide consists of 15-20 linked nucleosides and has a sugar motif consisting of three regions, A, B, and C, wherein region A consists of 2-6 linked nucleosides having a specified sugar motif, region B consists of 6-10 linked nucleosides having a specified sugar motif, and region C consists of 2-6 linked nucleosides having a specified sugar motif. Such embodiments do not include modified oligonucleotides where A and C each consist of 6 linked nucleosides and B consists of 10 linked nucleosides (even though those numbers of nucleosides are permitted within the requirements for A, B, and C) because the overall length of such oligonucleotide is 22, which exceeds the upper limit of the overall length of the modified oligonucleotide (20). Herein, if a description of an oligonucleotide is silent with respect to one or more parameter, such parameter is not limited. Thus, a modified oligonucleotide described only as having a gapmer sugar motif without further description may have any length, internucleoside linkage motif, and nucleobase motif. Unless otherwise indicated, all modifications are independent of nucleobase sequence.

Certain Conjugated Compounds

In certain embodiments, the compounds described herein comprise or consist of an oligonucleotide (modified or unmodified) and optionally one or more conjugate groups and/or terminal groups. Conjugate groups consist of one or more conjugate moiety and a conjugate linker which links the conjugate moiety to the oligonucleotide. Conjugate groups may be attached to either or both ends of an oligonucleotide and/or at any internal position. In certain embodiments, conjugate groups are attached to the 2′-position of a nucleoside of a modified oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, conjugate groups that are attached to either or both ends of an oligonucleotide are terminal groups. In certain such embodiments, conjugate groups or terminal groups are attached at the 3′ and/or 5′-end of oligonucleotides. In certain such embodiments, conjugate groups (or terminal groups) are attached at the 3′-end of oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, conjugate groups are attached near the 3′-end of oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, conjugate groups (or terminal groups) are attached at the 5′-end of oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, conjugate groups are attached near the 5′-end of oligonucleotides.

In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide is modified. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide of a compound has a nucleobase sequence that is complementary to a target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides are complementary to a messenger RNA (mRNA). In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides are complementary to a sense transcript.

Examples of terminal groups include but are not limited to conjugate groups, capping groups, phosphate moieties, protecting groups, modified or unmodified nucleosides, and two or more nucleosides that are independently modified or unmodified.

A. Certain Conjugate Groups

In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides are covalently attached to one or more conjugate groups. In certain embodiments, conjugate groups modify one or more properties of the attached oligonucleotide, including but not limited to pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, stability, binding, absorption, tissue distribution, cellular distribution, cellular uptake, charge and clearance In certain embodiments, conjugate groups impart a new property on the attached oligonucleotide, e.g., fluorophores or reporter groups that enable detection of the oligonucleotide.

Certain conjugate groups and conjugate moieties have been described previously, for example: cholesterol moiety (Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86, 6553-6556), cholic acid (Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1994, 4, 1053-1060), a thioether, e.g., hexyl-S-tritylthiol (Manoharan et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1992, 660, 306-309; Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1993, 3, 2765-2770), a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1992, 20, 533-538), an aliphatic chain, e.g., do-decan-diol or undecyl residues (Saison-Behmoaras et al., EMBO 1, 1991, 10, 1111-1118; Kabanov et al., FEBS Lett., 1990, 259, 327-330; Svinarchuk et al., Biochimie, 1993, 75, 49-54), a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethyl-ammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651-3654; Shea et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1990, 18, 3777-3783), a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 1995, 14, 969-973), or adamantane acetic, a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1995, 1264, 229-237), an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1996, i, 923-937), a tocopherol group (Nishina et al., Molecular Therapy Nucleic Acids, 2015, 4, e220; doi:10.1038/mtna.2014.72 and Nishina et al., Molecular Therapy, 2008, 16, 734-740), or a GalNAc cluster (e.g., WO2014/179620).

1. Conjugate Moieties

Conjugate moieties include, without limitation, intercalators, reporter molecules, polyamines, polyamides, peptides, carbohydrates (e.g., GalNAc), vitamin moieties, polyethylene glycols, thioethers, polyethers, cholesterols, thiocholesterols, cholic acid moieties, folate, lipids, phospholipids, biotin, phenazine, phenanthridine, anthraquinone, adamantane, acridine, fluoresceins, rhodamines, coumarins, fluorophores, and dyes.

In certain embodiments, a conjugate moiety comprises an active drug substance, for example, aspirin, warfarin, phenylbutazone, ibuprofen, suprofen, fen-bufen, ketoprofen, (S)-(+)-pranoprofen, carprofen, dansylsarcosine, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, fingolimod, flufenamic acid, folinic acid, a benzothiadiazide, chlorothiazide, a diazepine, indo-methicin, a barbiturate, a cephalosporin, a sulfa drug, an antidiabetic, an antibacterial or an antibiotic.

2. Conjugate Linkers

Conjugate moieties are attached to oligonucleotides through conjugate linkers. In certain compounds, a conjugate group is a single chemical bond (i.e. conjugate moiety is attached to an oligonucleotide via a conjugate linker through a single bond). In certain embodiments, the conjugate linker comprises a chain structure, such as a hydrocarbyl chain, or an oligomer of repeating units such as ethylene glycol, nucleosides, or amino acid units.

In certain embodiments, a conjugate linker comprises one or more groups selected from alkyl, amino, oxo, amide, disulfide, polyethylene glycol, ether, thioether, and hydroxylamino. In certain such embodiments, the conjugate linker comprises groups selected from alkyl, amino, oxo, amide and ether groups. In certain embodiments, the conjugate linker comprises groups selected from alkyl and amide groups. In certain embodiments, the conjugate linker comprises groups selected from alkyl and ether groups. In certain embodiments, the conjugate linker comprises at least one phosphorus moiety. In certain embodiments, the conjugate linker comprises at least one phosphate group. In certain embodiments, the conjugate linker includes at least one neutral linking group.

In certain embodiments, conjugate linkers, including the conjugate linkers described above, are bifunctional linking moieties, e.g., those known in the art to be useful for attaching conjugate groups to parent compounds, such as the oligonucleotides provided herein. In general, a bifunctional linking moiety comprises at least two functional groups. One of the functional groups is selected to bind to a particular site on a compound and the other is selected to bind to a conjugate group. Examples of functional groups used in a bifunctional linking moiety include but are not limited to electrophiles for reacting with nucleophilic groups and nucleophiles for reacting with electrophilic groups. In certain embodiments, bifunctional linking moieties comprise one or more groups selected from amino, hydroxyl, carboxylic acid, thiol, alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl.

Examples of conjugate linkers include but are not limited to pyrrolidine, 8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (ADO), succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) and 6-aminohexanoic acid (AHEX or AHA). Other conjugate linkers include but are not limited to substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl or substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, wherein a nonlimiting list of preferred substituent groups includes hydroxyl, amino, alkoxy, carboxy, benzyl, phenyl, nitro, thiol, thioalkoxy, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl and alkynyl.

In certain embodiments, conjugate linkers comprise 1-10 linker-nucleosides. In certain embodiments, such linker-nucleosides are modified nucleosides. In certain embodiments such linker-nucleosides comprise a modified sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, linker-nucleosides are unmodified. In certain embodiments, linker-nucleosides comprise an optionally protected heterocyclic base selected from a purine, substituted purine, pyrimidine or substituted pyrimidine. In certain embodiments, a cleavable moiety is a nucleoside selected from uracil, thymine, cytosine, 4-N-benzoylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, 4-N-benzoyl-5-methylcytosine, adenine, 6-N-benzoyladenine, guanine and 2-N-isobutyrylguanine. It is typically desirable for linker-nucleosides to be cleaved from the compound after it reaches a target tissue. Accordingly, linker-nucleosides are typically linked to one another and to the remainder of the compound through cleavable bonds. In certain embodiments, such cleavable bonds are phosphodiester bonds.

Herein, linker-nucleosides are not considered to be part of the oligonucleotide. Accordingly, in embodiments in which a compound comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of a specified number or range of linked nucleosides and/or a specified percent complementarity to a reference nucleic acid and the compound also comprises a conjugate group comprising a conjugate linker comprising linker-nucleosides, those linker-nucleosides are not counted toward the length of the oligonucleotide and are not used in determining the percent complementarity of the oligonucleotide for the reference nucleic acid. For example, a compound may comprise (1) a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8-30 nucleosides and (2) a conjugate group comprising 1-10 linker-nucleosides that are contiguous with the nucleosides of the modified oligonucleotide. The total number of contiguous linked nucleosides in such a compound is more than 30. Alternatively, an compound may comprise a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8-30 nucleosides and no conjugate group. The total number of contiguous linked nucleosides in such a compound is no more than 30. Unless otherwise indicated conjugate linkers comprise no more than 10 linker-nucleosides. In certain embodiments, conjugate linkers comprise no more than 5 linker-nucleosides. In certain embodiments, conjugate linkers comprise no more than 3 linker-nucleosides. In certain embodiments, conjugate linkers comprise no more than 2 linker-nucleosides. In certain embodiments, conjugate linkers comprise no more than 1 linker-nucleoside.

In certain embodiments, it is desirable for a conjugate group to be cleaved from the oligonucleotide. For example, in certain circumstances compounds comprising a particular conjugate moiety are better taken up by a particular cell type, but once the compound has been taken up, it is desirable that the conjugate group be cleaved to release the unconjugated or parent oligonucleotide. Thus, certain conjugate may comprise one or more cleavable moieties, typically within the conjugate linker. In certain embodiments, a cleavable moiety is a cleavable bond. In certain embodiments, a cleavable moiety is a group of atoms comprising at least one cleavable bond. In certain embodiments, a cleavable moiety comprises a group of atoms having one, two, three, four, or more than four cleavable bonds. In certain embodiments, a cleavable moiety is selectively cleaved inside a cell or subcellular compartment, such as a lysosome. In certain embodiments, a cleavable moiety is selectively cleaved by endogenous enzymes, such as nucleases.

In certain embodiments, a cleavable bond is selected from among: an amide, an ester, an ether, one or both esters of a phosphodiester, a phosphate ester, a carbamate, or a disulfide. In certain embodiments, a cleavable bond is one or both of the esters of a phosphodiester. In certain embodiments, a cleavable moiety comprises a phosphate or phosphodiester. In certain embodiments, the cleavable moiety is a phosphate linkage between an oligonucleotide and a conjugate moiety or conjugate group.

In certain embodiments, a cleavable moiety comprises or consists of one or more linker-nucleosides. In certain such embodiments, one or more linker-nucleosides are linked to one another and/or to the remainder of the compound through cleavable bonds. In certain embodiments, such cleavable bonds are unmodified phosphodiester bonds. In certain embodiments, a cleavable moiety is 2′-deoxy nucleoside that is attached to either the 3′ or 5′-terminal nucleoside of an oligonucleotide by a phosphate internucleoside linkage and covalently attached to the remainder of the conjugate linker or conjugate moiety by a phosphate or phosphorothioate linkage. In certain such embodiments, the cleavable moiety is 2′-deoxyadenosine.

Compositions and Methods for Formulating Pharmaceutical Compositions

Compounds described herein may be admixed with pharmaceutically acceptable active or inert substances for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions or formulations. Compositions and methods for the formulation of pharmaceutical compositions are dependent upon a number of criteria, including, but not limited to, route of administration, extent of disease, or dose to be administered.

Certain embodiments provide pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more compounds or a salt thereof. In certain embodiments, the compounds are antisense compounds or oligomeric compounds. In certain embodiments, the compounds comprise or consist of a modified oligonucleotide. In certain such embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprises a sterile saline solution and one or more compound. In certain embodiments, such pharmaceutical composition consists of a sterile saline solution and one or more compound. In certain embodiments, the sterile saline is pharmaceutical grade saline. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprises one or more compound and sterile water. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition consists of one compound and sterile water. In certain embodiments, the sterile water is pharmaceutical grade water. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprises one or more compound and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition consists of one or more compound and sterile PBS. In certain embodiments, the sterile PBS is pharmaceutical grade PBS. Compositions and methods for the formulation of pharmaceutical compositions are dependent upon a number of criteria, including, but not limited to, route of administration, extent of disease, or dose to be administered.

A compound described herein targeted to MALAT1 nucleic acid can be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by combining the compound with a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent is water, such as sterile water suitable for injection. Accordingly, in one embodiment, employed in the methods described herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound targeted to MALAT1 nucleic acid and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable diluent is water. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises or consists of a modified oligonucleotide provided herein.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds provided herein encompass any pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or salts of such esters, or any other oligonucleotide which, upon administration to an animal, including a human, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) the biologically active metabolite or residue thereof. In certain embodiments, the compounds are antisense compounds or oligomeric compounds. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises or consists of a modified oligonucleotide. Accordingly, for example, the disclosure is also drawn to pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds, prodrugs, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such prodrugs, and other bioequivalents. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, sodium and potassium salts.

A prodrug can include the incorporation of additional nucleosides at one or both ends of a compound which are cleaved by endogenous nucleases within the body, to form the active compound.

In certain embodiments, the compounds or compositions further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.

EXAMPLES Non-Limiting Disclosure and Incorporation by Reference

Although the sequence listing accompanying this filing identifies each sequence as either “RNA” or “DNA” as required, in reality, those sequences may be modified with any combination of chemical modifications. One of skill in the art will readily appreciate that such designation as “RNA” or “DNA” to describe modified oligonucleotides is, in certain instances, arbitrary. For example, an oligonucleotide comprising a nucleoside comprising a 2′-OH sugar moiety and a thymine base could be described as a DNA having a modified sugar (2′-OH for the natural 2′-H of DNA) or as an RNA having a modified base (thymine (methylated uracil) for natural uracil of RNA).

Accordingly, nucleic acid sequences provided herein, including, but not limited to those in the sequence listing, are intended to encompass nucleic acids containing any combination of natural or modified RNA and/or DNA, including, but not limited to such nucleic acids having modified nucleobases. By way of further example and without limitation, an oligonucleotide having the nucleobase sequence “ATCGATCG” encompasses any oligonucleotides having such nucleobase sequence, whether modified or unmodified, including, but not limited to, such compounds comprising RNA bases, such as those having sequence “AUCGAUCG” and those having some DNA bases and some RNA bases such as “AUCGATCG” and compounds having other modified nucleobases, such as “AT^(m)CGAUCG,” wherein ^(m)C indicates a cytosine base comprising a methyl group at the 5-position.

While certain compounds, compositions and methods described herein have been described with specificity in accordance with certain embodiments, the following examples serve only to illustrate the compounds described herein and are not intended to limit the same. Each of the references recited in the present application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Example 1: Design of Gapmers with PS Internucleoside Linkages Complementary to Human MALAT1 RNA

Modified oligonucleotides complementary to human a MALAT1 nucleic acid were designed. The modified oligonucleotides in the table below are 3-10-3 cET gapmers. The gapmers are 16 nucleosides in length, wherein the central gap segment comprises of either ten 2′-deoxynucleosides, or of a combination of one 2′-O-methyl nucleoside and nine 2′-deoxynucleosides. The central gap segment is flanked by wing segments on the 5′ direction and the 3′ direction comprising three nucleosides each. Each nucleoside in the 5′ wing segment and each nucleoside in the 3′ wing segment has a cEt sugar modification. The internucleoside linkages throughout each gapmer are phosphorothioate (P═S) linkages. Each cytosine residue is a 5-methylcytosine. The sequence and chemical notation column specifies the sequence, including 5-methylcytosines, sugar chemistry, and the internucleoside linkage chemistry; wherein subscript ‘d’ represents a 2′13-D-deoxyribosyl sugar moiety, subscript ‘k’ represents a cET sugar moiety, subscript ‘s’ represents to a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, superscript ‘m’ before the cytosine residue represents a 5-methylcytosine, and subscript ‘y’ represents a 2′-O-methyl ribose sugar. “Start site” indicates the 5′-most nucleoside to which the gapmer is complementary in the human nucleic acid sequence. “Stop site” indicates the 3′-most nucleoside to which the gapmer is complementary in the human nucleic acid sequence.

Each modified oligonucleotide listed in the table below is complementary to human MALAT1 nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 (GENBANK Accession No: XR_001309.1).

TABLE 1 cET gapmers with PS internucleoside linkages complementary to human MALAT1 SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 1 NO: 1 SEQ Compound Sequence Start Stop ID Number (5′ to 3′) Site Site Chemistry Notation (5′ to 3′) NO 1157034 TTCGGTTTAATCTCTT 1535 1550 T_(ks)T_(ks) ^(m)C_(ks)G_(ds)G_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ks)T_(ks)T_(k)  2 1157111 GGTTACCAATAATTTC 2034 2049 G_(ks)G_(ks)T_(ks)T_(ds)A_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ks)T_(ks) ^(m)C_(k)  3 1157190 TGGTAATTACTCTTGA 2341 2356 T_(ks)G_(ks)G_(ks)T_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ks)G_(ks)A_(k)   4 1157929 GTAGTAAGAATCTCAG 4821 4836 G_(ks)T_(ks)A_(ks)G_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)G_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)mC_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ks)A_(ks)G_(k)  5 1158161 CCTTAGTTGGCATCAA 5494 5509 ^(m)C_(ks) ^(m)C_(ks)T_(ks)T_(ds)A_(ds)G_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ds)G_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ks)A_(ks)A_(k)  6 1158162 TCCTTAGTTGGCATCA 5495 5510 T_(ks) ^(m)C_(ks) ^(m)C_(ks)T_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)G_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ds)G_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ks) ^(m)C_(ks)A_(k)  7 1304884 GGATUAATGTAGTGTA 5049 5064 G_(ks)G_(ks)A_(ks)T_(ds)U_(ys)A_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)G_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ks)T_(ks)A_(k)  8 1304890 GGTTATAGCTTGACAA 4931 4946 G_(ks)G_(ks)T_(ks)T_(ds)A_(ys)T_(ds)A_(ds)G_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ds)A_(ds) ^(m)C_(ks)A_(ks)A_(k)  9 1304906 GCAGATAATGTTCTCA 4840 4855 G_(ks) ^(m)C_(ks)A_(ks)G_(ds)A_(ys)T_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ks) ^(m)C_(ks)A_(k) 10

Example 2: Antisense Inhibition of Human MALAT1 in A-431 Cells by Modified Oligonucleotides

The modified oligonucleotides were tested in a series of experiments that had similar culture conditions. The results for each experiment are presented in a single table shown below. Cultured A-431 cells at a density of 10,000 cells per well were treated using free uptake with 5 nM of modified oligonucleotide. After a treatment period of approximately 48 hours, RNA was isolated from the cells and MALAT1 RNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time RTPCR. Human primer probe set RTS2736 (forward sequence AAAGCAAGGTCTCCCCACAAG, designated herein as SEQ ID NO.: 2814; reverse sequence TGAAGGGTCTGTGCTAGATCAAAA, designated herein as SEQ ID NO.: 2815; probe sequence TGCCACATCGCCACCCCGT, designated herein as SEQ ID NO.: 2816) was used to measure RNA levels. MALAT1 RNA levels were normalized to total RNA content, as measured by RIBOGREEN®. Results are presented in the tables below as percent control of the amount of MALAT1 RNA relative to untreated control cells (% UTC).

TABLE 2 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers targeting SEQ ID NO.: 1 Compound Number % UTC 1157034 25 1157111 11 1157190 19 1157929 20 1158161 18 1158162 24

Example 3: Dose-Dependent Inhibition of Human MALAT1 in A-431 Cells by cEt Gapmers

Modified oligonucleotides described in the studies above were tested at various doses in A-431 cells. Cultured A-431 cells at a density of 10,000 cells per well were treated using free uptake with modified oligonucleotides diluted to concentrations described in the tables below. After approximately 48 hours, MALAT1 RNA levels were measured as previously described using the Human MALAT1 primer-probe set RTS2736. MALAT1 RNA levels were normalized to total RNA content, as measured by RIBOGREEN®. Results are presented in the tables below as percent control of the amount of MALAT1 RNA relative to untreated control cells (% UTC). IC50s were calculated using a linear regression on a log/linear plot of the data in excel.

TABLE 3 Dose-dependent inhibition of human MALAT1 mRNA expression by modified oligonucleotides in A-431 Compound % control IC50 Number 0.3 nM 1.25 nM 5.0 nM 20.0 nM (nM) 1157034 72 57 26 6 1 1157111 108 73 6 7 2 1157190 89 93 58 18 6 1157929 81 76 29 10 2 1158161 83 77 37 9 3 1158162 82 78 32 10 3

Example 4: Dose-Dependent Inhibition of Human MALAT1 in MDA-MB-436 Cells by cEt Gapmers

Modified oligonucleotides described in the studies above were tested at various doses in MDA-MB-436 cells. Cultured MDA-MB-436 cells at a density of 5,000-12,000 cells per well were treated using free uptake with modified oligonucleotides diluted to concentrations described in the tables below. After approximately 48 hours, MALAT1 RNA levels were measured as previously described using the Human MALAT1 primer-probe set RTS2736. MALAT1 RNA levels were normalized to b-actin, measured using human primer-probe set HTS5002 (forward sequence CGGACTATGACTTAGTTGCGTTACA, designated herein as SEQ ID NO.: 2817; reverse sequence GCCATGCCAATCTCATCTTGT, designated herein as SEQ ID NO.: 2818; probe sequence CCTTTCTTGACAAAACCTAACTTGCGCAGA, designated herein as SEQ ID NO.: 2819). Results are presented in the tables below as percent control of the amount of MALAT1 RNA relative to untreated control cells (% UTC). Each table below represents a separate experiment. IC50s for table 4 were calculated using the “log(inhibitor) vs. response—variable slope (4 parameters)” formula using Prism6 software. IC50s for tables 5 and 6 were calculated using the “log(inhibitor) vs. response—variable slope (3 parameters)” formula using Prism? software.

TABLE 4 Dose-dependent inhibition of human MALAT1 RNA expression by modified oligonucleotides in MDA-MB-436 cells Compound % control IC50 Number 0.8 nM 4.0 nM 20.0 nM 100.0 nM (nM) 1157034 50 25 17 5 0.7 1157111 98 30 13 8 2.9 1157190 56 39 15 5 1.4 1157929 58 51 33 5 2.6 1158161 36 48 27 3 0.5 1158162 57 37 22 6 1.5

TABLE 5 Dose-dependent inhibition of human MALAT1 RNA expression by modified oligonucleotides in MDA-MB-436 cells Compound % control IC50 Number 8 nM 40 nM 200 nM 1000 nM (nM) 1304906 68 23 6 2 8 1304890 68 20 5 3 5 1304884 68 25 5 2 10

TABLE 6 Dose-dependent inhibition of human MALAT1 RNA expression by modified oligonucleotides in MDA-MB-436 cells Compound % control IC50 Number 0.4 nM 2 nM 10 nM 50 nM (nM) 1304906 98 88 47 17 9 1304890 109 88 52 17 8 1304884 98 75 55 23 8

Example 5: Tolerability of Modified Oligonucleotides Targeting Human MALAT1 in CD-1 Mice

CD-1 mice were treated with modified oligonucleotides selected from studies described above and evaluated for changes in the levels of various plasma chemistry markers.

Treatment

Groups of male CD-1 mice at 4-6 weeks of age (obtained from Charles River) were injected subcutaneously twice a week for four weeks (for a total of 8 treatments) with 50 mg/kg of modified oligonucleotides. One group of male CD-1 mice was injected with PBS. Mice were euthanized 25 days post start of treatment (24 hours post final administration).

Plasma Chemistry Markers

To evaluate the effect of modified oligonucleotides on liver function, plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total bilirubin (TBIL), and albumin (ALB) were measured using an automated clinical chemistry analyzer (Hitachi Olympus AU400c, Melville, N.Y.). The results are presented in the tables below.

TABLE 7 Plasma chemistry markers in CD-1 mice ALT AST BUN TBIL Albumin ION NO. (IU/L) (IU/L) (mg/dL) (mg/dL) (g/dL) PBS 20 46 24 0.2 2.5 1157929 330 225 24 0.2 2.3 1158161 86 128 29 0.2 2.3

Body and Organ Weights

Body weights of CD-1 mice were measured at the end of the study, and the average body weight for each group is presented in the table below. Kidney, spleen, and liver weights were measured at the end of the study and are presented in the table below.

TABLE 8 Body and organ weights Body Weight Liver Kidney Spleen ION No. (g) (g) (g) (g) PBS 32 1.7 0.5 0.1 1157929 34 2.3 0.5 0.2 1158161 34 2.3 0.5 0.2

Example 6: Tolerability of Modified Oligonucleotides Targeting Human MALAT1 in CD-1 Mice

CD-1 mice were treated with modified oligonucleotides selected from studies described above and evaluated for changes in the levels of various plasma chemistry markers.

Treatment

Groups of male CD-1 mice at 4-6 weeks of age (obtained from Charles River) were injected subcutaneously twice a week for four weeks (for a total of 8 treatments) with 50 mg/kg of modified oligonucleotides. One group of male CD-1 mice was injected with PBS. Mice were euthanized 24 days post start of treatment (24 hours post final administration).

Plasma Chemistry Markers

To evaluate the effect of modified oligonucleotides on liver function, plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and total bilirubin (TBIL), were measured using an automated clinical chemistry analyzer (Hitachi Olympus AU400c, Melville, N.Y.). The results are presented in the tables below.

TABLE 9 Plasma chemistry markers in CD-1 mice ALT AST BUN TBIL ION NO. (IU/L) (IU/L) (mg/dL) (mg/dL) PBS 43 71 26 0.2 1157111 341 200 22 0.2

Body and Organ Weights

Body weights of CD-1 mice were measured at the end of the study, and the average body weight for each group is presented in the table below. Kidney, spleen, and liver weights were measured at the end of the study and are presented in the table below.

TABLE 10 Body and organ weights Body Weight Liver Kidney Spleen ION No. (g) (g) (g) (g) PBS 37 2.0 0.6 0.1 1157111 38 2.8 0.5 0.2

Example 7: Tolerability of Modified Oligonucleotides Targeting Human MALAT1 in CD-1 Mice

CD-1 mice were treated with modified oligonucleotides selected from studies described above and evaluated for changes in the levels of various plasma chemistry markers.

Treatment

Groups of male CD-1 mice at 4-6 weeks of age (obtained from Charles River) were injected subcutaneously twice a week for four weeks (for a total of 8 treatments) with 50 mg/kg of modified oligonucleotides. One group of male CD-1 mice was injected with PBS. Mice were euthanized 26 days post start of treatment (24 hours post final administration).

Plasma Chemistry Markers

To evaluate the effect of modified oligonucleotides on liver function, plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and total bilirubin (TBIL), were measured using an automated clinical chemistry analyzer (Hitachi Olympus AU400c, Melville, N.Y.). The results are presented in the tables below.

TABLE 11 Plasma chemistry markers in CD-1 mice ALT AST BUN TBIL ION NO. (IU/L) (IU/L) (mg/dL) (mg/dL) PBS 22 46 22 0.3 1157034 608 480 21 0.2 1157190 41 83 23 0.2 1158162 435 325 24 0.2

Body and Organ Weights

Body weights of CD-1 mice were measured at the end of the study, and the average body weight for each group is presented in the table below. Kidney, spleen, and liver weights were measured at the end of the study and are presented in the table below.

TABLE 12 Body and organ weights Body Weight Liver Kidney Spleen ION No. (g) (g) (g) (g) PBS 33 1.8 0.5 0.1 1157034 37 2.3 0.5 0.2 1157190 35 1.9 0.4 0.2 1158162 36 2.6 0.5 0.2

Example 8: Tolerability of Modified Oligonucleotides Targeting Human MALAT1 in CD-1 Mice

CD-1 mice were treated with modified oligonucleotides selected from studies described above and evaluated for changes in the levels of various plasma chemistry markers.

Treatment

Groups of male CD-1 mice at 4-6 weeks of age (obtained from Charles River) were injected subcutaneously twice a week for four weeks (for a total of 8 treatments) with 50 mg/kg of modified oligonucleotides. One group of male CD-1 mice was injected with PBS. Mice were euthanized 25 days post start of treatment (24 hours following the final administration).

Plasma Chemistry Markers

To evaluate the effect of modified oligonucleotides on liver function, plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and total bilirubin (TBIL), were measured using an automated clinical chemistry analyzer (Hitachi Olympus AU400c, Melville, N.Y.). The results are presented in the tables below.

TABLE 13 Plasma chemistry markers in CD-1 mice ALT AST BUN TBIL ION NO. (IU/L) (IU/L) (mg/dL) (mg/dL) PBS 20 51 21 0.2 1304890 33 51 21 0.2 1304906 59 78 22 0.2

Body and Organ Weights

Body weights of CD-1 mice were measured at the end of the study, and the average body weight for each group is presented in the table below. Kidney, spleen, and liver weights were measured at the end of the study and are presented in the table below.

TABLE 14 Body and organ weights Body Weight Liver Kidney Spleen ION No. (g) (g) (g) (g) PBS 32 1.6 0.5 0.1 1304890 36 2.0 0.5 0.2 1304906 34 1.8 0.5 0.1

Example 9: Tolerability of Modified Oligonucleotides Targeting Human MALAT1 in CD-1 Mice

CD-1 mice were treated with modified oligonucleotides selected from studies described above and evaluated for changes in the levels of various plasma chemistry markers.

Treatment

Groups of male CD-1 mice at 4-6 weeks of age (obtained from Charles River) were injected subcutaneously twice a week for four weeks (for a total of 8 treatments) with 50 mg/kg of modified oligonucleotides. One group of male CD-1 mice was injected with PBS. Mice were euthanized 25 days post start of treatment (24 hours following the final administration).

Plasma Chemistry Markers

To evaluate the effect of modified oligonucleotides on liver function, plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and total bilirubin (TBIL), were measured using an automated clinical chemistry analyzer (Hitachi Olympus AU400c, Melville, N.Y.). The results are presented in the tables below.

TABLE 15 Plasma chemistry markers in CD-1 mice ALT AST BUN TBIL ION NO. (IU/L) (IU/L) (mg/dL) (mg/dL) PBS 19 56 16 0.2 1304884 33 55 15 0.1

Body and Organ Weights

Body weights of CD-1 mice were measured at the end of the study, and the average body weight for each group is presented in the table below. Kidney, spleen, and liver weights were measured at the end of the study and are presented in the table below.

TABLE 16 Body and organ weights Body Weight Liver Kidney Spleen ION No. (g) (g) (g) (g) PBS 34 2.0 0.5 0.1 1304884 37 2.2 0.5 0.2

Example 10: Effect of Modified Oligonucleotides Targeting Human MALAT1 in Cynomolgus Monkeys

Cynomolgus monkeys were treated with certain Ionis modified oligonucleotides selected from studies described in the Examples above. Modified oligonucleotide tolerability was evaluated.

Study 1 Treatment

Prior to the study, the monkeys were kept in quarantine during which the animals were observed daily for general health. The monkeys were 2-4 years old and weighed 2-4 kg. Seven groups of 4 randomly assigned male cynomolgus monkeys each were injected subcutaneously with Ionis oligonucleotide or saline in a clockwise rotation between four different sites on the back. Following loading doses on days 1, 3, 5 and 7, the monkeys were dosed once per week for 6 weeks (on days 14, 21, 28, 35, and 41) with 35 mg/kg of Ionis oligonucleotide. A control group of 4 cynomolgus monkeys was injected with 0.9% saline in a similar manner and served as the control group.

During the study period, the monkeys were observed at least once daily for signs of illness or distress. Any animal experiencing illness or distress was promptly reported to the veterinarian and Study Director. Any animal in poor health or in a possible moribund condition was identified for further monitoring and possible euthanasia Scheduled euthanasia of the animals was conducted on day 43 approximately 48 hours after the last dose by exsanguination while under deep anesthesia. The protocols described in the Example were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).

Body and Organ Weight Measurements

To evaluate the effect of modified oligonucleotides on the overall health of the animals, body and organ weights were measured. Terminal body weight was measured prior to necropsy. Organ weights were measured as well.

TABLE 17 Body and organ weights (g) Compound Body Weight No. (g) Day 43 Heart kidney spleen liver Saline 2565 10 12 3 49 1157034 2748 10 16 5 67 1157111 2524 9 13 3 62 1157190 2663 10 15 5 63 1157929 2655 10 14 3 59 1158161 2418 9 14 3 53 1158162 2499 9 18 3 55

Kidney and Liver Function

To evaluate the effect of modified oligonucleotides on hepatic and kidney function, blood samples were collected from all the study groups on day 43. The monkeys were fasted overnight prior to blood collection. Blood was collected in tubes without anticoagulant for serum separation. The tubes were kept at room temperature for a minimum of 90 minutes and then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes to obtain serum. Levels of various liver function markers were measured using a Toshiba 120FR NEO chemistry analyzer (Toshiba Co., Japan). Plasma levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CREA), total protein (TP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and total bilirubin (TBIL) were measured.

TABLE 18 Liver function markers in cynomolgus monkey plasma Compound ALT AST BUN CREA TP TBIL No. (IU/L) (IU/L) (mg/dL) (mg/dL) (g/dL) (mg/dL) Saline 49 59 21 0.9 7.3 0.3 1157034 40 55 18 0.8 6.8 0.2 1157111 41 72 23 0.8 7.1 0.3 1157190 59 67 21 0.9 7.1 0.3 1157929 63 71 21 0.9 7.1 0.2 1158161 58 59 18 0.8 7.3 0.3 1158162 53 81 17 0.8 7.5 0.3

Pro-Inflammatory Proteins Analysis

To evaluate any inflammatory effect of modified oligonucleotides in cynomolgus monkeys, blood samples were taken for analysis. The monkeys were fasted overnight prior to blood collection. On day 41 (pre-dose and 24 hours post-dose), approximately 0.8 mL of blood was collected from each animal and put into tubes without anticoagulant for serum separation. The tubes were kept at room temperature for a minimum of 90 min and then centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 10 min at room temperature to obtain serum. Complement C3 were measured using a Toshiba 120 FR NEO chemistry analyzer (Toshiba Co., Japan). Another marker of inflammation, C-Reactive Protein (CRP) was tested together with the clinical chemistry parameters tested for liver function above.

TABLE 19 Pro-inflammatory protein analysis in cynomolgus monkeys Complement C3 (mg/dL) CRP Compound Day 41 Day 41 (24 hr (mg/L) No. (pre-dose) post-dose) day 43 Saline 95 92 5 1157034 115 100 3 1157111 105 87 9 1157190 106 90 4 1157929 115 105 7 1158161 107 99 5 1158162 111 100 6

Hematology

To evaluate any effect of modified oligonucleotides in cynomolgus monkeys on hematologic parameters, blood samples of approximately 0.5 mL of blood was collected from each of the available study animals on day 43. The samples were collected in tubes containing K₂-EDTA. Samples were analyzed for red blood cell (RBC) count, Hemoglobin (HGB), Hematocrit (HCT), platelet count (PLT), total white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil counts (NEU), lymphocyte counts (LYM), and monocyte counts (MON) using an ADVIA2120i hematology analyzer (Siemens, USA).

TABLE 20 Hematological marker analysis in cynomolgus monkeys Compound RBC HGB HCT PLT WBC NEU LYM MON No. (×106/μL) (g/dL) (%) (10³/μL) (×10³/μL) (%) (%) (%) Saline 5 12 43 320 8 47 49 3 1157034 6 13 45 329 11 34 61 4 1157111 5 13 43 419 13 50 45 3 1157190 6 13 44 383 10 38 56 4 1157929 6 13 45 309 8 37 57 3 1158161 6 13 43 332 11 31 63 3 1158162 5 12 43 453 9 41 52 5

Urine Analysis

Food was removed overnight the day before fresh urine collection, but water was supplied. Fresh urine samples for urinalysis and urine chemistry were collected from all animals using a clean cage pan on wet ice (first in the morning) on day 43. Urinalysis/Urine Chemistry parameters creatinine (UCRE), microprotein (UTP), urine microalbumin (UALB), and protein/creatinine (P/C) ratio were measured using a Toshiba 120FR automated chemistry analyzer (Toshiba Co., Japan).

TABLE 21 Urine analysis in cynomolgus monkeys Compound UCRE UTP UALB P/C No. (mg/dL) (mg/dL) (mg/dL) ratio Saline 98 14 0.75 0.15 1157034 44 16 0.34 0.39 1157111 46 13 0.30 0.29 1157190 64 17 0.29 0.28 1157929 83 13 0.56 0.17 1158161 111 18 0.70 0.17 1158162 45 26 5.10 0.65

Study 2 Treatment

Prior to the study, the monkeys were kept in quarantine during which the animals were observed daily for general health. The monkeys were 2-4 years old and weighed 2-4 kg. Four groups of 4 randomly assigned male cynomolgus monkeys each were injected subcutaneously with Ionis oligonucleotide or saline in a clockwise rotation between four different sites on the back. Following loading doses on days 1, 3, 5 and 7, the monkeys were dosed once per week for 6 weeks (on days 14, 21, 28, 35, and 41) with 35 mg/kg of Ionis oligonucleotide. A control group of 4 cynomolgus monkeys was injected with 0.9% saline in a similar manner and served as the control group.

During the study period, the monkeys were observed at least once daily for signs of illness or distress. Any animal experiencing illness or distress was promptly reported to the veterinarian and Study Director. Any animal in poor health or in a possible moribund condition was identified for further monitoring and possible euthanasia Scheduled euthanasia of the animals was conducted on day 43 approximately 48 hours after the last dose by exsanguination while under deep anesthesia. The protocols described in the Example were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).

Body and Organ Weight Measurements

To evaluate the effect of modified oligonucleotides on the overall health of the animals, body and organ weights were measured. Terminal body weight was measured prior to necropsy. Organ weights were measured as well.

TABLE 22 Body and organ weights (g) Compound Body Weight No. (g) Day 43 Heart kidney spleen liver Saline 2843 9 12 3 57 1304884 2643 9 14 4 65 1304890 2788 9 14 3 61 1304906 2678 10 13 3 60

Kidney and Liver Function

To evaluate the effect of modified oligonucleotides on hepatic and kidney function, blood samples were collected from all the study groups on day 43. The monkeys were fasted overnight prior to blood collection. Blood was collected in tubes without anticoagulant for serum separation. The tubes were kept at room temperature for a minimum of 90 minutes and then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes to obtain serum. Levels of various liver function markers were measured using a Toshiba 120FR NEO chemistry analyzer (Toshiba Co., Japan). Plasma levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CREA), total protein (TP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and total bilirubin (TBIL) were measured.

TABLE 23 Liver function markers in cynomolgus monkey plasma Compound ALT AST BUN CREA TP TBIL No. (IU/L) (IU/L) (mg/dL) (mg/dL) (g/dL) (mg/dL) Saline 52 74 28 1.0 7.0 0.3 1304884 64 47 23 0.9 7.0 0.2 1304890 52 62 25 0.9 7.0 0.2 1304906 75 73 24 0.9 7.2 0.3

Pro-Inflammatory Proteins Analysis

To evaluate any inflammatory effect of modified oligonucleotides in cynomolgus monkeys, blood samples were taken for analysis. The monkeys were fasted overnight prior to blood collection. On day 41 (pre-dose and 24 hours post-dose), approximately 0.8 mL of blood was collected from each animal and put into tubes without anticoagulant for serum separation. The tubes were kept at room temperature for a minimum of 90 min and then centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 10 min at room temperature to obtain serum. Complement C3 were measured using a Toshiba 120 FR NEO chemistry analyzer (Toshiba Co., Japan). Another marker of inflammation, C-Reactive Protein (CRP) was tested together with the clinical chemistry parameters tested for liver function above.

TABLE 24 Pro-inflammatory protein analysis in cynomolgus monkeys Complement C3 (mg/dL) CRP Compound Day 43 Day 43 (24 hr (mg/L) No. (pre-dose) post-dose) day 43 Saline 127 127 5 1304884 112 98 3 1304890 102 98 3 1304906 108 88 3

Hematology

To evaluate any effect of modified oligonucleotides in cynomolgus monkeys on hematologic parameters, blood samples of approximately 0.5 mL of blood was collected from each of the available study animals on day 43. The samples were collected in tubes containing K₂-EDTA. Samples were analyzed for red blood cell (RBC) count, Hemoglobin (HGB), Hematocrit (HCT), platelet count (PLT), total white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil counts (NEU), lymphocyte counts (LYM), and monocyte counts (MON) using an ADVIA2120i hematology analyzer (Siemens, USA).

TABLE 25 Hematological marker analysis in cynomolgus monkeys Compound RBC HGB HCT PLT WBC NEU LYM MON No. (×106/μL) (g/dL) (%) (10³/μL) (×10³/μL) (%) (%) (%) Saline 5 12 43 352 12 29 64 3 1304884 5 13 41 386 9 30 62 3 1304890 5 13 42 460 12 33 62 2 1304906 6 13 42 413 13 48 46 4

Urine Analysis

Food was removed overnight the day before fresh urine collection, but water was supplied. Fresh urine samples for urinalysis and urine chemistry were collected from all animals using a clean cage pan on wet ice (first in the morning) on day 43. Urinalysis/Urine Chemistry parameters creatinine (UCRE), microprotein (UTP), urine microalbumin (UALB), and protein/creatinine (P/C) ratio were measured using a Toshiba 120FR automated chemistry analyzer (Toshiba Co., Japan).

TABLE 26 Urine analysis in cynomolgus monkeys Compound UCRE UTP UALB P/C No. (mg/dL) (mg/dL) (mg/dL) ratio Saline 73 10 0.5 0.1 1304884 45 12 0.7 0.3 1304890 81 15 0.9 0.2 1304906 70 11 0.5 0.2

Example 11: Dose-Dependent Inhibition of Human MALAT1 in A431 Cells by Comparator Compounds

Certain modified oligonucleotides described in the art were tested at various doses in A431 cells and used as comparator compounds in other Examples below. The following modified oligonucleotides described in the art were compared: 395240, 395243, 395244, 395248, 395251, 395252, 395253, 395254, 395255, 395256, 395257, 395259, 395267, 395269, 395272, 395275, 395280, 395283, 395287, 395290, 556089, 559497, and 626112. The chemical notation column in the table below specifies the sequence and chemistry information, including 5-methylcytosines, sugar chemistry, and the internucleoside linkage chemistry; wherein subscript ‘d’ represents a 2′β-D-deoxyribosyl sugar moiety, subscript ‘k’ represents a cET sugar moiety, subscript ‘e’ represents a 2′-MOE sugar moiety, subscript, ‘s’ represents to a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, superscript ‘m’ before the cytosine residue represents a 5-methylcytosine, and subscript ‘o’ represents a phosphodiester internucleoside linkage. “Start site” indicates the 5′-most nucleoside to which the gapmer is complementary in the human nucleic acid sequence. “Stop site” indicates the 3′-most nucleoside to which the gapmer is complementary in the human nucleic acid sequence. Each modified oligonucleotide listed in the table below is complementary to human MALAT1 nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 (GENBANK Accession No: XR_001309.1).

TABLE 27 Certain Comparator Compounds SEQ SEQ ID ID NO: 1 NO: 1 SEQ Compound Start Stop Sequence ID Number Site Site (5′ to 3′) Chemistry Notation (5′ to 3′) Reference Number No. 395240 3320 3339 TGCCTTTAGG T_(es)G_(es) ^(m)C_(es) ^(m)C_(es)T_(es)T_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)G_(ds)G_(ds)A_(ds) WO 2012/012467 11 ATTCTAGACA T_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds)A_(es)G_(es)A_(es) ^(m)C_(es)A_(e) 395243 3885 3904 TAATTGCCAA T_(es)A_(es)A_(es)T_(es)T_(es)G_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds) WO 2012/012467 12 TATTTGCCCC A_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)G_(es) ^(m)C_(es) ^(m)C_(es) ^(m)C_(es) ^(m)C_(e) 395244 4036 4055 GGGAGTTACT G_(es)G_(es)G_(es)A_(es)G_(es)T_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ds) WO 2012/012467 13 TGCCAACTTG ^(m)C_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds)A_(es) ^(m)C_(es)T_(es)T_(es)G_(e) 395248 4493 4512 TTGCAGTTAA T_(es)T_(es)G_(es) ^(m)C_(es)A_(es)G_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds) WO 2012/012467 14 ACAATGGAAA ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)G_(es)G_(es)A_(es)A_(es)A_(e) 395251 4698 4717 CCAGGCTGGT ^(m)C_(es) ^(m)C_(es)A_(es)G_(es)G_(es) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ds)G_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds) WO 2012/012467 15 TATGACTCAG A_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ds)A_(ds) ^(m)C_(es)T_(es) ^(m)C_(es)A_(es)G_(e) 395252 4748 4767 TTATCAATTC T_(es)T_(es)A_(es)T_(es) ^(m)C_(es)A_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds) WO 2012/012467 16 ACCAAGGAGC ^(m)C_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)G_(es)G_(es)A_(es)G_(es) ^(m)C_(e) 395253 4783 4802 ATGGAGGTAT A_(es)T_(es)G_(es)G_(es)A_(es)G_(ds)G_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ds)A_(ds) WO 2012/012467 17 GACATATAAT ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)A_(es)T_(es)A_(es)A_(es)T_(e) 395254 4843 4862 GGCATATGCA G_(es)G_(es) ^(m)C_(es)A_(es)T_(es)A_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds)G_(ds) WO 2012/012467 18 GATAATGTTC A_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)T_(es)G_(es)T_(es)T_(es) ^(m)C_(e) 395255 5123 5142 ACATTGGCAC A_(es) ^(m)C_(es)A_(es)T_(es)T_(es)G_(ds)G_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds) WO 2012/012467 19 ACAGCACAGC ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds)G_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(es) ^(m)C_(es)A_(es)G_(es) ^(m)C_(e) 395256 5134 5153 AGGCAAACGA A_(es)G_(es)G_(es) ^(m)C_(es)A_(es)A_(ds)A_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)G_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds) WO 2012/012467 20 AACATTGGCA A_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)T_(es)G_(es)G_(es) ^(m)C_(es)A_(e) 395257 5248 5267 CTAACATGCA ^(m)C_(es)T_(es)A_(es)A_(es) ^(m)C_(es)A_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds) WO 2012/012467 21 ATACTGCAGA T_(ds)A_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds)G_(es) ^(m)C_(es)A_(es)G_(es)A_(e) 395259 5393 5412 AAGCCCACAG A_(es)A_(es)G_(es) ^(m)C_(es) ^(m)C_(es) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds)G_(ds) WO 2012/012467 22 GAACAAGTCC G_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds)A_(es)G_(es)T_(es) ^(m)C_(es) ^(m)C_(e) 395267 6098 6117 GGTCAATAGT G_(es)G_(es)T_(es) ^(m)C_(es)A_(es)A_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)G_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ds)T_(ds) WO 2012/012467 23 GTAAAACATT A_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)A_(es) ^(m)C_(es)A_(es)T_(es)T_(e) 395269 6174 6193 TTCATGAAGG T_(es)T_(es) ^(m)C_(es)A_(es)T_(es)G_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)G_(ds)G_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds) WO 2012/012467 24 ATGAAATGCC G_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)A_(es)T_(es)G_(es) ^(m)C_(es) ^(m)C_(e) 395272 6445 6464 CAATGCATTC ^(m)C_(es)A_(es)A_(es)T_(es)G_(es) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds) WO 2012/012467 25 TAATAGCAGC A_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)G_(es) ^(m)C_(es)A_(es)G_(es) ^(m)C_(e) 395275 6759 6778 AACATTTCCA A_(es)A_(es) ^(m)C_(es)A_(es)T_(es)T_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds) WO 2012/012467 26 CTTGCCAGTT ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds) ^(m)C_(es)A_(es)G_(es)T_(es)T_(e) 395280 6958 6977 GGTTCCCAAT G_(es)G_(es)T_(es)T_(es) ^(m)C_(es) ^(m)C_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds) WO 2012/012467 27 CCCCACATTT ^(m)C_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds) ^(m)C_(es)A_(es)T_(es)T_(es)T_(e) 395283 7335 7354 TAATAAAAAT T_(es)A_(es)A_(es)T_(es)A_(es)A_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds) WO 2012/012467 28 CAGGTGAGGC A_(ds)G_(ds)G_(ds)T_(ds)G_(es)A_(es)G_(es)G_(es) ^(m)C_(e) 395287 7878 7897 TCCCACCCAG T_(es) ^(m)C_(es) ^(m)C_(es) ^(m)C_(es)A_(es) ^(m)C_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds)G_(ds) WO 2012/012467 29 CATTACAGTT ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds) ^(m)C_(es)A_(es)G_(es)T_(es)T_(e) 395290 8007 8026 TAAGATGCTA T_(es)A_(es)A_(es)G_(es)A_(es)T_(ds)G_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)G_(ds) WO 2012/012467 30 GCTTGGCCAA ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ds)G_(es) ^(m)C_(es) ^(m)C_(es)A_(es)A_(e) 556089 6445 6460 GCATTCTAAT G_(ks) ^(m)C_(ks)A_(ks)T_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds) WO 2017/192820; 31 AGCAGC G_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ks)G_(ks) ^(m)C_(k) St-Pierre et al., Bioorg Med Chem. 2016; 24(11): 2397-409 559497 3629 3644 AGTACTATAG A_(ks)G_(ks)T_(ks)A_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)G_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds) Hung et al., 32 CATCTG A_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ks)T_(ks)G_(k) Nucleic Acid Ther. 2013; 23(6): 369-78. 626112 4699 4718 GCCAGGCTGG G_(es) ^(m)C_(eo) ^(m)C_(eo)A_(eo)G_(eo)G_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ds)G_(ds) WO 2016/073828 33 TTATGACTCA T_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ds)A_(eo) ^(m)C_(eo)T_(es) ^(m)C_(es)A_(e)

Compounds 1058667 and 1058668 have been described in the art. The chemical notation column in the table below specifies the sequence and chemistry information of certain comparator compounds, including 5-methylcytosines, sugar chemistry, and the internucleoside linkage chemistry; wherein subscript ‘d’ represents a 2′β-D-deoxyribosyl sugar moiety, subscript ‘1’ represents an LNA sugar moiety, subscript ‘s’ represents to a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, and superscript ‘m’ before the cytosine residue represents a 5-methylcytosine. Compounds 1058667 and 1058668 are complementary to mouse MALAT1 nucleic acid sequence and mismatched with human MALAT1 nucleic acid sequence. “Start site” indicates the 5′-most nucleoside to which the gapmer is complementary in the mouse nucleic acid sequence. “Stop site” indicates the 3′-most nucleoside to which the gapmer is complementary in the mouse nucleic acid sequence. Each modified oligonucleotide listed in the table below is complementary to mouse MALAT1 nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 2823 (complement of GENBANK Accession No: NC_000085.6 truncated from nucleotides 5793001 to 5806000)

TABLE 28 Certain Comparator Compounds SEQ SEQ ID ID NO: NO: 2823 2823 SEQ Compound Start Stop Sequence Chemistry Notation ID Number Site Site (5′ to 3′) (5′ to 3′) Reference Number No. 1058668 8368 8383 GTCACAAT G_(ls)T_(ls) ^(m)C_(ls)A_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds) Michalik et al., 34 GCATTCTA G_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ls)T_(ls)A_(l) Circ Res. 2014; 114(9): 1389-97 and WO 2019/161364 1058667 6043 6061 TTTAAGTT T_(ls)T_(ls)T_(ls)A_(ds)A_(ds)G_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds) Bernard et al. 35 CTCTGGTA ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ds)G_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds) EMBO J 2010 TGA T_(ls)G_(ls)A_(l) 29(18): 3082-93

The modified oligonucleotides below were tested in a series of experiments using the same culture conditions. The results for each experiment are presented in separate tables shown below. Cultured A431 cells at a density of 10,000 cells per well were transfected using free uptake with modified oligonucleotides diluted to different concentrations as specified in the tables below. After a treatment period of approximately 48 hours, RNA levels were measured as previously described using the Human primer-probe set RTS2738 (described herein above). MALAT1 RNA levels were normalized to total RNA, as measured by RIBOGREEN®. Results are presented as percent change of MALAT1 RNA, relative to PBS control.

The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of each modified oligonucleotide was calculated using a linear regression on a log/linear plot of the data in excel and is also presented in the tables below.

TABLE 29 Dose-dependent percent reduction of human MALAT1 RNA in A431 cells by modified oligonucleotides Compound MALAT1 (% UTC) Number 0.4 nM 2 nM 10 nM 50 nM 250 nM IC₅₀ nM 395240 98 72 37 10 4 7 395243 97 101 101 48 10 46 395244 91 84 58 12 7 10 395248 92 97 49 20 6 12 395255 126 121 88 35 13 39 395256 111 108 77 19 4 21 395257 80 94 74 40 16 26 395259 121 97 101 52 23 68 395280 103 115 73 32 14 29 395283 107 89 84 25 10 23 395287 93 78 63 51 31 41 395290 113 90 101 34 18 40 626112 92 93 76 34 14 24

TABLE 30 Dose-dependent percent reduction of human MALAT1 RNA in A431 cells by modified oligonucleotides Compound MALAT1 (% UTC) Number 0.4 nM 2 nM 10 nM 50 nM 250 nM IC₅₀ nM  395251 103 88 54 11 4 11  395252 100 117 68 22 6 20  395253 110 87 73 14 4 15  395254 106 73 32 10 5 7  395267 143 126 71 22 6 27  395269 97 112 123 61 26 168  395272 89 87 78 68 19 63  395275 83 81 69 29 14 16  556089 106 107 79 37 11 30  559497 88 102 59 23 6 14 1058667 131 118 99 30 11 39 1058668 105 95 74 27 7 20

Example 12: Antisense Inhibition of Human MALAT1 in A431 Cells by 3-10-3 cEt Gapmers

Modified oligonucleotides complementary to a MALAT1 nucleic acid were synthesized and tested for their effect on MALAT1 RNA levels in vitro in comparison with comparator compounds 395240, 395253, 395254, 395256, 556089, and 559497 described above. The modified oligonucleotides were tested in a series of experiments using the same culture conditions. The results for each separate experiment are presented in separate tables below.

Except for the comparator compounds 395240, 395253, 395254, and 395256, which are 5-10-5 MOE gapmers (i.e., they have a central gap segment of ten 2′-deoxynucleosides flanked on each side by wing segments, each comprising five 2′-O-methoxyethyl modified nucleosides), the modified oligonucleotides are all 3-10-3 cEt gapmers (i.e., they have a central gap segment of ten 2′-deoxynucleosides flanked on each side by wing segments, each comprising three cEt modified nucleosides). The internucleoside linkages throughout each modified oligonucleotide are phosphorothioate (P═S) linkages. All cytosine nucleobases throughout each modified oligonucleotide are 5-methylcytosines.

“Start site” indicates the 5′-most nucleoside of the target sequence to which the modified oligonucleotide is complementary. “Stop site” indicates the 3′-most nucleoside of the target sequence to which the modified oligonucleotide is complementary. As shown in the tables below, the modified oligonucleotides are 100% complementary to either the human MALAT1 RNA transcript, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 1 (GENBANK Accession No. XR_001309.1) or the human MALAT1 RNA transcript designated here in as SEQ ID NO: 2824 (GENBANK Accession No. EF177381.1). ‘N/A’ indicates that the modified oligonucleotide is not complementary to that particular target sequence with 100% complementarity.

Cultured A431 cells at a density of 10,000 cells per well were transfected using free uptake with 5 nM of modified oligonucleotide. After a treatment period of 48 hours, RNA was isolated from the cells and MALAT1 RNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time RTPCR. Human MALAT1 primer probe set RTS2736 (described herein above) was used to measure RNA levels. MALAT1 RNA levels were normalized to total RNA content, as measured by RIBOGREEN®. Results are presented as percent change of MALAT1 RNA, relative to PBS control (% UTC). The symbol “I” indicates that the modified oligonucleotide is complementary to the target transcript within the amplicon region of the primer probe set, and so the associated data is not reliable. In such instances, additional assays using alternative primer probes must be performed to accurately assess the potency and efficacy of such modified oligonucleotides. In some cases, % UTC values are not available. This is indicated as N.D. (Not Defined) and additional assays will be performed to accurately assess the potency and efficacy of such modified oligonucleotides.

Modified oligonucleotides marked with a triple asterisk (

) have been previously described in Example 1. The % UTC data for modified oligonucleotides marked with a triple asterisk (

) in the tables below is identical to the data described in Example 2 as the data is from the same experiments.

TABLE 31 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: NO: NO: 1 NO: 1 2824 2824 SEQ Compound Start Stop Start Stop MALAT1 ID Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) No.  395240 3320 3339 3520 3539 TGCCTTTAGGATTCTAGACA  61  11  395253 4783 4802 4982 5001 ATGGAGGTATGACATATAAT  78  17  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC  61  18  395256 5134 5153 5333 5352 AGGCAAACGAAACATTGGCA  97  20  556089 6445 6460 6644 6659 GCATTCTAATAGCAGC  90  31  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 124  32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA  42  36 1156449   11   26 N/A N/A CGGGCTGCAGGCTGCG  86  37 1156482  157  172  123  138 ACCTGGGCTCCCGGAG  81  38 1156515  252  267  218  233 GGTTTTATCTAAATAC  75  39 1156549  348  363  314  329 CCTGGTTAGGTATGAG  81  40 1156583  483  498  449  464 GACCAACTAAGCGAAT  61  41 1156617  529  544  495  510 AAGGCAAATCGCCATG  86  42 1156651  598  613  564  579 GCCCCCCACGGCCCGC  90  43 1156685  720  735  686  701 CGTGAAAACCCACTCT 106  44 1156718  829  844  795  810 CCCCAACTGCTTGCAG  87  45 1156752  892  907  858  873 TTACGCAACTGAGCCC  89  46 1156786  957  972  923  938 GTAGGTATAGTTTACC  61  47 1156820 N/A N/A 1006 1021 AAACGGGTCATCAAAC  81  48 1156854 N/A N/A 1119 1134 ACAGCTTATGGAACTT  73  49 1156888 1015 1030 1215 1230 GGAATTCGATCACCTT  71  50 1156922 1068 1083 1268 1283 ACCGCACAGCTCGGGC  95  51 1156956 1172 1187 1372 1387 TGTATTAATCTCTATC  59  52 1156990 1331 1346 1531 1546 ACCTCCGTCATGTTTT  57  53 1157023 1513 1528 1713 1728 AGATCGCCTTCAAATT  59  54 1157057 1588 1603 1788 1803 TTTAAATGACGCAATT  85  55 1157090 1846 1861 2046 2061 TGCCCTTAGCTTTTTG  44  56 1157124 2094 2109 2294 2309 GCTTTACCTTCTAACT  31  57 1157158 2278 2293 2478 2493 GCTACTATATTTAAGG  71  58 1157190 

2341 2356 2541 2556 TGGTAATTACTCTTGA  19   4 1157224 2434 2449 2634 2649 TCTGTGTAGCACCTGG  37  59 1157258 2546 2561 2746 2761 TATCTTCACCACGAAC 100  60 1157292 2671 2686 2871 2886 CATCACCAAATTGCAC  72  61 1157325 2744 2759 2944 2959 GTCTAGGATCCTCTAC  86  62 1157359 2814 2829 3014 3029 CATATTGCCGACCTCA  57  63 1157393 2893 2908 3093 3108 TTTACACCTCAGTACG  65  64 1157426 2971 2986 3171 3186 ACAAGATTCATGAGTA  73  65 1157458 3122 3137 3322 3337 CATACAAACTGCTTAC  71  66 1157492 3234 3249 3434 3449 CCCCGCCTCAGTTACA  65  67 1157525 3335 3350 3535 3550 CTTGAGTCATTTGCCT  35  68 1157559 3447 3462 3647 3662 ATGGACATCTCTTCCA  70  69 1157591 3628 3643 3828 3843 GTACTATAGCATCTGT  55  70 1157624 3697 3712 3897 3912 TCCAGTCCCTGAAGGT  88  71 1157658 3824 3839 4024 4039 AACTTCAACATTTGGC  44  72 1157691 3941 3956 4141 4156 CAATTACCTAAACCCA  80  73 1157725 4050 4065 4250 4265 CTAAATCATTGGGAGT  52  74 1157758 4184 4199 4384 4399 GCTCTATACTTTGAAG  49  75 1157791 4274 4289 4474 4489 CCAAACAACTTTTGCA  56  76 1157825 4428 4443 4628 4643 TAGAATCTTACTTGAT  66  77 1157858 4614 4629 4813 4828 CCTCTAAGAGACATTC  71  78 1157890 4747 4762 4946 4961 AATTCACCAAGGAGCT  65  79 1157924 4815 4830 5014 5029 AGAATCTCAGGGTTAT  36  80 1157958 4903 4918 5102 5117 AAAATGGTAGATTCCG  19  81 1157992 5050 5065 5249 5264 AGGATTAATGTAGTGT  13  82 1158025 5137 5152 5336 5351 GGCAAACGAAACATTG  65  83 1158058 5220 5235 5419 5434 TTATCTGTTAACAGCT  69  84 1158091 5286 5301 5485 5500 GAACTCCACAGCTCTT  67  85 1158123 5388 5403 5587 5602 GGAACAAGTCCTACAA  77  86 1158156 5487 5502 5686 5701 TGGCATCAAGGCACTG  51  87 1158190 5577 5592 5776 5791 TTTTAGCAGTAACATC  66  88 1158223 5773 5788 5972 5987 AGTGTTCGCAGACAAA  66  89 1158256 5896 5911 6095 6110 GCCTCTATTGCCATGT  70  90 1158289 5993 6008 6192 6207 AGACCCCTGACTTTCT  78  91 1158323 6081 6096 6280 6295 CCTACCACTCTAAGAT  73  92 1158357 6195 6210 6394 6409 TCAAAATCCTGAATGG  62  93 1158390 6324 6339 6523 6538 AGTAAGCCCCACCCCC  71  94 1158423 6436 6451 6635 6650 TAGCAGCGGGATCAGA  68  95 1158455 6537 6552 6736 6751 CTTTATCACTCAGCTG  63  96 1158488 6695 6710 6894 6909 TTTAAGGTTGCATCTG  59  97 1158519 6968 6983 7167 7182 ACTAGTGGTTCCCAAT  67  98 1158552 7062 7077 7261 7276 CAGAAAAAGCTTGTTC  63  99 1158586 7159 7174 7358 7373 GCCAACACAGTTTGCT  70 100 1158618 7306 7321 7505 7520 GACCTTAGGATAATAG  20 101 1158652 7399 7414 7598 7613 TCAAGCATTCCTTCGG  27 102 1158685 7522 7537 7721 7736 AAAAGTGGTTGCCCGC  72 103 1158719 7654 7669 7853 7868 TCCAAGCTACTGGCTG  80 104 1158753 7708 7723 7907 7922 AGACCTCGACACCATC  54 105 1158785 7775 7790 7974 7989 TAATACCCTTCTGTTA  81 106 1158819 7872 7887 8071 8086 CATTACAGTTCTTGAA  59 107 1158852 7949 7964 8148 8163 GCATTCCCACCCAAAA  66 108 1158885 8040 8055 8239 8254 ACTGAAGAGCATTGGA  66 109 1158916 8196 8211 8395 8410 CGCCGCAGGGATTTGA  81 110 1158950 8328 8343 8527 8542 CAAGGATGTATATAGT 100 111 1158984‡ 8424 8439 8623 8638 CTGCAGGCTATTACCT 106 112

TABLE 32 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: NO: NO: 1 NO: 1 2824 2824 SEQ Compound Start Stop Start Stop MALAT1 ID Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) No.  395240 3320 3339 3520 3539 TGCCTTTAGGATTCTAGACA  49  11  395253 4783 4802 4982 5001 ATGGAGGTATGACATATAAT  75  17  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC  49  18  395256 5134 5153 5333 5352 AGGCAAACGAAACATTGGCA  88  20  556089 6445 6460 6644 6659 GCATTCTAATAGCAGC  79  31  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 117  32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA  27  36  946417 6325 6340 6524 6539 AAGTAAGCCCCACCCC  63 113  946420 7160 7175 7359 7374 CGCCAACACAGTTTGC  88 114 1156450   13   28 N/A N/A CTCGGGCTGCAGGCTG  81 115 1156483  158  173  124  139 AACCTGGGCTCCCGGA  70 116 1156516  256  271  222  237 GAGTGGTTTTATCTAA  69 117 1156550  349  364  315  330 GCCTGGTTAGGTATGA  79 118 1156584  484  499  450  465 AGACCAACTAAGCGAA  62 119 1156618  530  545  496  511 CAAGGCAAATCGCCAT  58 120 1156652  599  614  565  580 AGCCCCCCACGGCCCG  73 121 1156686  734  749  700  715 GGAAATCTTAGAAACG  64 122 1156719  830  845  796  811 CCCCCAACTGCTTGCA  71 123 1156753  893  908  859  874 ATTACGCAACTGAGCC  84 124 1156787  958  973  924  939 AGTAGGTATAGTTTAC  90 125 1156821 N/A N/A 1007 1022 TAAACGGGTCATCAAA  66 126 1156855 N/A N/A 1123 1138 CTTAACAGCTTATGGA  70 127 1156889 1016 1031 1216 1231 CGGAATTCGATCACCT  81 128 1156923 1069 1084 1269 1284 TACCGCACAGCTCGGG  80 129 1156957 1174 1189 1374 1389 GTTGTATTAATCTCTA  24 130 1156991 1333 1348 1533 1548 CAACCTCCGTCATGTT  65 131 1157024 1514 1529 1714 1729 AAGATCGCCTTCAAAT  51 132 1157058 1589 1604 1789 1804 CTTTAAATGACGCAAT  65 133 1157091 1851 1866 2051 2066 CATTTTGCCCTTAGCT  46 134 1157125 2095 2110 2295 2310 AGCTTTACCTTCTAAC  53 135 1157159 2283 2298 2483 2498 ACTAAGCTACTATATT  61 136 1157191 2342 2357 2542 2557 TTGGTAATTACTCTTG  32 137 1157225 2441 2456 2641 2656 ATCCACTTCTGTGTAG  62 138 1157259 2547 2562 2747 2762 CTATCTTCACCACGAA  60 139 1157293 2676 2691 2876 2891 ACCTTCATCACCAAAT  78 140 1157326 2745 2760 2945 2960 GGTCTAGGATCCTCTA  77 141 1157360 2815 2830 3015 3030 ACATATTGCCGACCTC  57 142 1157394 2894 2909 3094 3109 CTTTACACCTCAGTAC  62 143 1157427 2972 2987 3172 3187 GACAAGATTCATGAGT  53 144 1157459 3133 3148 3333 3348 CCCCAACTAAACATAC  74 145 1157493 3235 3250 3435 3450 CCCCCGCCTCAGTTAC  72 146 1157526 3337 3352 3537 3552 ACCTTGAGTCATTTGC  34 147 1157560 3448 3463 3648 3663 AATGGACATCTCTTCC  73 148 1157592 3630 3645 3830 3845 TAGTACTATAGCATCT  51 149 1157625 3709 3724 3909 3924 GATAAAAGCAGCTCCA  70 150 1157659 3837 3852 4037 4052 TATTGGAAAACTTAAC  74 151 1157692 3942 3957 4142 4157 ACAATTACCTAAACCC  67 152 1157726 4051 4066 4251 4266 ACTAAATCATTGGGAG  41 153 1157759 4185 4200 4385 4400 AGCTCTATACTTTGAA  36 154 1157792 4282 4297 4482 4497 TACCATATCCAAACAA  89 155 1157826 4429 4444 4629 4644 ATAGAATCTTACTTGA  34 156 1157859 4615 4630 4814 4829 CCCTCTAAGAGACATT  68 157 1157891 4751 4766 4950 4965 TATCAATTCACCAAGG  99 158 1157925 4817 4832 5016 5031 TAAGAATCTCAGGGTT  31 159 1157959 4904 4919 5103 5118 TAAAATGGTAGATTCC  12 160 1157993 5051 5066 5250 5265 CAGGATTAATGTAGTG  15 161 1158026 5138 5153 5337 5352 AGGCAAACGAAACATT  65 162 1158059 5221 5236 5420 5435 CTTATCTGTTAACAGC  57 163 1158092 5289 5304 5488 5503 TAAGAACTCCACAGCT  59 164 1158124 5389 5404 5588 5603 AGGAACAAGTCCTACA  64 165 1158157 5488 5503 5687 5702 TTGGCATCAAGGCACT  28 166 1158191 5600 5615 5799 5814 CAATTTACATCACAAC  55 167 1158224 5775 5790 5974 5989 AGAGTGTTCGCAGACA  43 168 1158257 5900 5915 6099 6114 GAGGGCCTCTATTGCC  86 169 1158290 5995 6010 6194 6209 ATAGACCCCTGACTTT  66 170 1158324 6082 6097 6281 6296 GCCTACCACTCTAAGA  71 171 1158358 6200 6215 6399 6414 GCAATTCAAAATCCTG  49 172 1158424 6437 6452 6636 6651 ATAGCAGCGGGATCAG  43 173 1158456 6538 6553 6737 6752 CCTTTATCACTCAGCT  46 174 1158489 6697 6712 6896 6911 ATTTTAAGGTTGCATC  63 175 1158520 6970 6985 7169 7184 GAACTAGTGGTTCCCA  54 176 1158553 7081 7096 7280 7295 CTGACTTTGTATGTAA  49 177 1158619 7307 7322 7506 7521 TGACCTTAGGATAATA  38 178 1158653 7400 7415 7599 7614 TTCAAGCATTCCTTCG  38 179 1158686 7523 7538 7722 7737 GAAAAGTGGTTGCCCG  68 180 1158720 7655 7670 7854 7869 ATCCAAGCTACTGGCT  60 181 1158754 7709 7724 7908 7923 AAGACCTCGACACCAT  56 182 1158786 7780 7795 7979 7994 GGTTTTAATACCCTTC  49 183 1158820 7873 7888 8072 8087 GCATTACAGTTCTTGA  28 184 1158853 7968 7983 8167 8182 GTCTTAGCAGAGAATT  53 185 1158886 8041 8056 8240 8255 TACTGAAGAGCATTGG  29 186 1158917 8210 8225 8409 8424 AGTCAAAGCAAAGACG  65 187 1158951 8329 8344 8528 8543 TCAAGGATGTATATAG  94 188 1158985 8426 8441 8625 8640 AGCTGCAGGCTATTAC  61 189

Example 13: Antisense Inhibition of Human MALAT1 in A431 Cells by 3-10-3 cEt Gapmers

Modified oligonucleotides complementary to a MALAT1 nucleic acid were synthesized and tested for their effect on MALAT1 RNA levels in vitro in comparison with comparator compounds 395254 and 559497 described above. The modified oligonucleotides were tested in a series of experiments using the same culture conditions. The results for each separate experiment are presented in separate tables below.

Except for the comparator compound 395254, which is a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer (i.e., it has a central gap segment of ten 2′-deoxynucleosides flanked on each side by wing segments, each comprising five 2′-O-methoxyethyl modified nucleosides), the modified oligonucleotides are all 3-10-3 cEt gapmers (i.e., they have a central gap segment of ten 2′-deoxynucleosides flanked on each side by wing segments, each comprising three cEt modified nucleosides). The internucleoside linkages throughout each modified oligonucleotide are phosphorothioate (P═S) linkages. All cytosine nucleobases throughout each modified oligonucleotide are 5-methylcytosines.

“Start site” indicates the 5′-most nucleoside of the target sequence to which the modified oligonucleotide is complementary. “Stop site” indicates the 3′-most nucleoside of the target sequence to which the modified oligonucleotide is complementary. As shown in the tables below, the modified oligonucleotides are 100% complementary to either the human MALAT1 RNA transcript, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 1 (GENBANK Accession No. XR_001309.1) or the human MALAT1 RNA transcript designated here in as SEQ ID NO: 2824 (GENBANK Accession No. EF177381.1). ‘N/A’ indicates that the modified oligonucleotide is not complementary to that particular target sequence with 100% complementarity.

TABLE 33 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: NO: NO: 1 NO: 1 2824 2824 SEQ Compound Start Stop Start Stop MALAT1 ID Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC 107  18  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 130  32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA  38  36  568439 1590 1605 1790 1805 GCTTTAAATGACGCAA 122 190 1156451   14   29 N/A N/A TCTCGGGCTGCAGGCT  80 191 1156484  159  174  125  140 AAACCTGGGCTCCCGG  80 192 1156517  257  272  223  238 TGAGTGGTTTTATCTA  93 193 1156551  354  369  320  335 GTTATGCCTGGTTAGG  84 194 1156585  485  500  451  466 TAGACCAACTAAGCGA 109 195 1156619  531  546  497  512 ACAAGGCAAATCGCCA  83 196 1156653  603  618  569  584 CGCCAGCCCCCCACGG 145 197 1156687  738  753  704  719 CTTGGGAAATCTTAGA 111 198 1156720  831  846  797  812 TCCCCCAACTGCTTGC  89 199 1156754  894  909  860  875 CATTACGCAACTGAGC 101 200 1156788  959  974  925  940 CAGTAGGTATAGTTTA 117 201 1156822 N/A N/A 1008 1023 TTAAACGGGTCATCAA 100 202 1156856 N/A N/A 1124 1139 TCTTAACAGCTTATGG  69 203 1156890 1017 1032 1217 1232 CCGGAATTCGATCACC  91 204 1156924 1071 1086 1271 1286 CCTACCGCACAGCTCG  97 205 1156958 1176 1191 1376 1391 TAGTTGTATTAATCTC  62 206 1156992 1334 1349 1534 1549 TCAACCTCCGTCATGT  68 207 1157025 1515 1530 1715 1730 AAAGATCGCCTTCAAA  68 208 1157092 1853 1868 2053 2068 TACATTTTGCCCTTAG  30 209 1157126 2117 2132 2317 2332 CGTAAACACCCTCATC  68 210 1157160 2284 2299 2484 2499 AACTAAGCTACTATAT 102 211 1157192 2344 2359 2544 2559 AGTTGGTAATTACTCT  60 212 1157226 2446 2461 2646 2661 ACTGAATCCACTTCTG  65 213 1157260 2548 2563 2748 2763 CCTATCTTCACCACGA  94 214 1157294 2678 2693 2878 2893 CTACCTTCATCACCAA  98 215 1157327 2746 2761 2946 2961 TGGTCTAGGATCCTCT 115 216 1157361 2816 2831 3016 3031 AACATATTGCCGACCT  55 217 1157395 2895 2910 3095 3110 CCTTTACACCTCAGTA  87 218 1157428 2973 2988 3173 3188 AGACAAGATTCATGAG  50 219 1157460 3134 3149 3334 3349 ACCCCAACTAAACATA  74 220 1157494 3236 3251 3436 3451 CCCCCCGCCTCAGTTA 107 221 1157527 3338 3353 3538 3553 CACCTTGAGTCATTTG  63 222 1157561 3449 3464 3649 3664 CAATGGACATCTCTTC  51 223 1157593 3631 3646 3831 3846 ATAGTACTATAGCATC  70 224 1157626 3710 3725 3910 3925 GGATAAAAGCAGCTCC  68 225 1157660 3872 3887 4072 4087 CCCTCCCCTTTAATAA 117 226 1157693 3943 3958 4143 4158 AACAATTACCTAAACC  84 227 1157727 4052 4067 4252 4267 AACTAAATCATTGGGA 101 228 1157760 4190 4205 4390 4405 CCAAAAGCTCTATACT  88 229 1157793 4283 4298 4483 4498 CTACCATATCCAAACA  79 230 1157827 4447 4462 4647 4662 GCTTACACACAACTGA  50 231 1157860 4616 4631 4815 4830 ACCCTCTAAGAGACAT  65 232 1157892 4752 4767 4951 4966 TTATCAATTCACCAAG  75 233 1157926 4818 4833 5017 5032 GTAAGAATCTCAGGGT  22 234 1157960 4920 4935 5119 5134 GACAAGCAATTAACTT  34 235 1157994 5052 5067 5251 5266 CCAGGATTAATGTAGT  29 236 1158027 5139 5154 5338 5353 GAGGCAAACGAAACAT  99 237 1158060 5222 5237 5421 5436 ACTTATCTGTTAACAG  75 238 1158093 5290 5305 5489 5504 TTAAGAACTCCACAGC  54 239 1158125 5390 5405 5589 5604 CAGGAACAAGTCCTAC  81 240 1158158 5491 5506 5690 5705 TAGTTGGCATCAAGGC  28 241 1158192 5605 5620 5804 5819 CTACACAATTTACATC  78 242 1158225 5777 5792 5976 5991 AAAGAGTGTTCGCAGA  46 243 1158258 5901 5916 6100 6115 AGAGGGCCTCTATTGC  67 244 1158291 5996 6011 6195 6210 TATAGACCCCTGACTT  58 245 1158325 6083 6098 6282 6297 TGCCTACCACTCTAAG 110 246 1158359 6208 6223 6407 6422 ACTCATATGCAATTCA  39 247 1158391 6326 6341 6525 6540 CAAGTAAGCCCCACCC  74 248 1158425 6438 6453 6637 6652 AATAGCAGCGGGATCA  66 249 1158457 6539 6554 6738 6753 GCCTTTATCACTCAGC  71 250 1158490 6698 6713 6897 6912 GATTTTAAGGTTGCAT  45 251 1158521 6971 6986 7170 7185 AGAACTAGTGGTTCCC 103 252 1158554 7082 7097 7281 7296 TCTGACTTTGTATGTA  52 253 1158587 7161 7176 7360 7375 ACGCCAACACAGTTTG  52 254 1158620 7308 7323 7507 7522 TTGACCTTAGGATAAT  53 255 1158654 7405 7420 7604 7619 GGTACTTCAAGCATTC  56 256 1158687 7524 7539 7723 7738 GGAAAAGTGGTTGCCC  76 257 1158721 7656 7671 7855 7870 GATCCAAGCTACTGGC  82 258 1158755 7710 7725 7909 7924 AAAGACCTCGACACCA  85 259 1158787 7781 7796 7980 7995 TGGTTTTAATACCCTT  89 260 1158821 7874 7889 8073 8088 AGCATTACAGTTCTTG  22 261 1158854 7977 7992 8176 8191 CCTGAAAAAGTCTTAG  72 262 1158887 8042 8057 8241 8256 CTACTGAAGAGCATTG  78 263 1158918 8216 8231 8415 8430 ATTAGTAGTCAAAGCA  80 264 1158952 8330 8345 8529 8544 ATCAAGGATGTATATA 100 265 1158986 8445 8460 8644 8659 TAGGGCTTCTCAAAAC  96 266

TABLE 34 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: NO: NO: 1 NO: 1 2824 2824 SEQ Compound Start Stop Start Stop MALAT1 ID Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC  96  18  556064 5140 5155 5339 5354 TGAGGCAAACGAAACA  84 267  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 123  32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA  33  36 1156452   15   30 N/A N/A GTCTCGGGCTGCAGGC 106 268 1156485  160  175  126  141 GAAACCTGGGCTCCCG  87 269 1156518  262  277  228  243 GAGTTTGAGTGGTTTT  74 270 1156552  356  371  322  337 GTGTTATGCCTGGTTA  98 271 1156586  486  501  452  467 GTAGACCAACTAAGCG  74 272 1156620  532  547  498  513 CACAAGGCAAATCGCC  80 273 1156654  610  625  576  591 CAGTTGCCGCCAGCCC 103 274 1156688  739  754  705  720 GCTTGGGAAATCTTAG  93 275 1156721  832  847  798  813 CTCCCCCAACTGCTTG  78 276 1156755  895  910  861  876 CCATTACGCAACTGAG  88 277 1156789  960  975  926  941 ACAGTAGGTATAGTTT  76 278 1156823 N/A N/A 1009 1024 TTTAAACGGGTCATCA  90 279 1156857 N/A N/A 1125 1140 TTCTTAACAGCTTATG  79 280 1156891 1018 1033 1218 1233 ACCGGAATTCGATCAC  65 281 1156925 1072 1087 1272 1287 GCCTACCGCACAGCTC  74 282 1156959 1177 1192 1377 1392 GTAGTTGTATTAATCT  32 283 1156993 1335 1350 1535 1550 CTCAACCTCCGTCATG  41 284 1157026 1516 1531 1716 1731 AAAAGATCGCCTTCAA  66 285 1157059 1591 1606 1791 1806 GGCTTTAAATGACGCA  83 286 1157093 1854 1869 2054 2069 GTACATTTTGCCCTTA  36 287 1157127 2133 2148 2333 2348 AATTGGTTCTGGTCTA  42 288 1157161 2285 2300 2485 2500 AAACTAAGCTACTATA 117 289 1157193 2345 2360 2545 2560 AAGTTGGTAATTACTC  78 290 1157227 2451 2466 2651 2666 GATTCACTGAATCCAC  92 291 1157261 2549 2564 2749 2764 TCCTATCTTCACCACG  60 292 1157295 2681 2696 2881 2896 CTGCTACCTTCATCAC  61 293 1157328 2755 2770 2955 2970 CTGGCATGCTGGTCTA  81 294 1157362 2817 2832 3017 3032 CAACATATTGCCGACC 126 295 1157396 2896 2911 3096 3111 CCCTTTACACCTCAGT  75 296 1157429 2974 2989 3174 3189 CAGACAAGATTCATGA  81 297 1157461 3135 3150 3335 3350 TACCCCAACTAAACAT  82 298 1157495 3237 3252 3437 3452 CCCCCCCGCCTCAGTT  85 299 1157528 3339 3354 3539 3554 ACACCTTGAGTCATTT  50 300 1157562 3450 3465 3650 3665 CCAATGGACATCTCTT  60 301 1157594 3632 3647 3832 3847 AATAGTACTATAGCAT  85 302 1157627 3722 3737 3922 3937 ATACTCTTCCAAGGAT  65 303 1157661 3876 3891 4076 4091 TTGCCCCTCCCCTTTA  58 304 1157694 3946 3961 4146 4161 CTAAACAATTACCTAA  97 305 1157728 4053 4068 4253 4268 AAACTAAATCATTGGG  57 306 1157761 4191 4206 4391 4406 CCCAAAAGCTCTATAC  94 307 1157794 4284 4299 4484 4499 ACTACCATATCCAAAC  73 308 1157828 4448 4463 4648 4663 TGCTTACACACAACTG  65 309 1157861 4617 4632 4816 4831 CACCCTCTAAGAGACA  99 310 1157893 4753 4768 4952 4967 CTTATCAATTCACCAA  53 311 1157927 4819 4834 5018 5033 AGTAAGAATCTCAGGG  55 312 1157961 4921 4936 5120 5135 TGACAAGCAATTAACT  72 313 1157995 5053 5068 5252 5267 TCCAGGATTAATGTAG  52 314 1158061 5223 5238 5422 5437 AACTTATCTGTTAACA  70 315 1158094 5293 5308 5492 5507 TATTTAAGAACTCCAC  74 316 1158126 5391 5406 5590 5605 ACAGGAACAAGTCCTA  90 317 1158159 5492 5507 5691 5706 TTAGTTGGCATCAAGG  26 318 1158193 5615 5630 5814 5829 TAATGGTTTTCTACAC  60 319 1158226 5778 5793 5977 5992 TAAAGAGTGTTCGCAG  49 320 1158259 5902 5917 6101 6116 TAGAGGGCCTCTATTG  61 321 1158292 5997 6012 6196 6211 TTATAGACCCCTGACT  90 322 1158326 6084 6099 6283 6298 TTGCCTACCACTCTAA 100 323 1158360 6209 6224 6408 6423 CACTCATATGCAATTC  63 324 1158392 6328 6343 6527 6542 AACAAGTAAGCCCCAC  89 325 1158426 6439 6454 6638 6653 TAATAGCAGCGGGATC  70 326 1158458 6540 6555 6739 6754 AGCCTTTATCACTCAG  65 327 1158491 6699 6714 6898 6913 TGATTTTAAGGTTGCA  30 328 1158522 6972 6987 7171 7186 AAGAACTAGTGGTTCC  70 329 1158555 7085 7100 7284 7299 TGATCTGACTTTGTAT  53 330 1158588 7162 7177 7361 7376 CACGCCAACACAGTTT  64 331 1158621 7309 7324 7508 7523 CTTGACCTTAGGATAA  56 332 1158655 7406 7421 7605 7620 GGGTACTTCAAGCATT  57 333 1158688 7525 7540 7724 7739 GGGAAAAGTGGTTGCC  91 334 1158722 7657 7672 7856 7871 GGATCCAAGCTACTGG  82 335 1158756 7711 7726 7910 7925 CAAAGACCTCGACACC  82 336 1158788 7784 7799 7983 7998 CTGTGGTTTTAATACC  49 337 1158822 7876 7891 8075 8090 CCAGCATTACAGTTCT  58 338 1158855 7987 8002 8186 8201 GTTATGTTCACCTGAA  39 339 1158888 8043 8058 8242 8257 CCTACTGAAGAGCATT  75 340 1158919 8217 8232 8416 8431 GATTAGTAGTCAAAGC  76 341 1158953 8331 8346 8530 8545 CATCAAGGATGTATAT 104 342 1158987 8448 8463 8647 8662 CAGTAGGGCTTCTCAA  90 343

TABLE 35 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: NO: NO: 1 NO: 1 2824 2824 SEQ Compound Start Stop Start Stop MALAT1 ID Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC  77  18  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 102  32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA  45  36 1156453   16   31 N/A N/A AGTCTCGGGCTGCAGG  97 344 1156486  168  183  134  149 GACTCTGGGAAACCTG  99 345 1156519  264  279  230  245 CAGAGTTTGAGTGGTT  84 346 1156553  357  372  323  338 TGTGTTATGCCTGGTT  99 347 1156587  487  502  453  468 AGTAGACCAACTAAGC  75 348 1156621  533  548  499  514 TCACAAGGCAAATCGC  93 349 1156655  613  628  579  594 CCCCAGTTGCCGCCAG 118 350 1156689  740  755  706  721 TGCTTGGGAAATCTTA  77 351 1156722  838  853  804  819 GACTTTCTCCCCCAAC  94 352 1156756  896  911  862  877 TCCATTACGCAACTGA  91 353 1156790  961  976  927  942 GACAGTAGGTATAGTT 113 354 1156824 N/A N/A 1010 1025 TTTTAAACGGGTCATC  83 355 1156858 N/A N/A 1152 1167 AGGTTCTAGTTTTACT  84 356 1156892 1019 1034 1219 1234 CACCGGAATTCGATCA  80 357 1156926 1073 1088 1273 1288 TGCCTACCGCACAGCT  81 358 1156960 1178 1193 1378 1393 AGTAGTTGTATTAATC  36 359 1156994 1336 1351 1536 1551 TCTCAACCTCCGTCAT  73 360 1157027 1517 1532 1717 1732 TAAAAGATCGCCTTCA  59 361 1157060 1592 1607 1792 1807 AGGCTTTAAATGACGC 111 362 1157094 1865 1880 2065 2080 CTTCTAAGTTTGTACA  53 363 1157128 2134 2149 2334 2349 AAATTGGTTCTGGTCT  52 364 1157162 2286 2301 2486 2501 CAAACTAAGCTACTAT  85 365 1157194 2346 2361 2546 2561 TAAGTTGGTAATTACT  83 366 1157228 2452 2467 2652 2667 AGATTCACTGAATCCA  94 367 1157262 2558 2573 2758 2773 GGACTCTTTTCCTATC 104 368 1157296 2682 2697 2882 2897 CCTGCTACCTTCATCA  78 369 1157329 2759 2774 2959 2974 CACACTGGCATGCTGG  91 370 1157363 2818 2833 3018 3033 ACAACATATTGCCGAC  90 371 1157397 2897 2912 3097 3112 TCCCTTTACACCTCAG  75 372 1157430 2975 2990 3175 3190 TCAGACAAGATTCATG  69 373 1157462 3136 3151 3336 3351 TTACCCCAACTAAACA 104 374 1157496 3238 3253 3438 3453 TCCCCCCCGCCTCAGT  84 375 1157529 3340 3355 3540 3555 TACACCTTGAGTCATT  62 376 1157563 3451 3466 3651 3666 TCCAATGGACATCTCT  75 377 1157595 3633 3648 3833 3848 CAATAGTACTATAGCA  93 378 1157628 3723 3738 3923 3938 AATACTCTTCCAAGGA  85 379 1157662 3880 3895 4080 4095 ATATTTGCCCCTCCCC  73 380 1157695 3947 3962 4147 4162 ACTAAACAATTACCTA  91 381 1157729 4092 4107 4292 4307 TAACTTCCCCCAGCTT  80 382 1157762 4192 4207 4392 4407 CCCCAAAAGCTCTATA  92 383 1157795 4285 4300 4485 4500 CACTACCATATCCAAA  77 384 1157829 4449 4464 4649 4664 TTGCTTACACACAACT  82 385 1157862 4618 4633 4817 4832 CCACCCTCTAAGAGAC 117 386 1157894 4754 4769 4953 4968 ACTTATCAATTCACCA  72 387 1157928 4820 4835 5019 5034 TAGTAAGAATCTCAGG  40 388 1157962 4922 4937 5121 5136 TTGACAAGCAATTAAC  93 389 1157996 5054 5069 5253 5268 TTCCAGGATTAATGTA  63 390 1158028 5141 5156 5340 5355 CTGAGGCAAACGAAAC 106 391 1158062 5227 5242 5426 5441 GTTAAACTTATCTGTT  59 392 1158095 5295 5310 5494 5509 GATATTTAAGAACTCC  62 393 1158127 5392 5407 5591 5606 CACAGGAACAAGTCCT  84 394 1158160 5493 5508 5692 5707 CTTAGTTGGCATCAAG  69 395 1158194 5679 5694 5878 5893 TAAGGAGACAGCTTTC  84 396 1158227 5779 5794 5978 5993 TTAAAGAGTGTTCGCA  41 397 1158260 5903 5918 6102 6117 TTAGAGGGCCTCTATT  97 398 1158293 5998 6013 6197 6212 TTTATAGACCCCTGAC  78 399 1158327 6087 6102 6286 6301 ACATTGCCTACCACTC  84 400 1158361 6210 6225 6409 6424 GCACTCATATGCAATT  94 401 1158393 6329 6344 6528 6543 CAACAAGTAAGCCCCA 100 402 1158427 6440 6455 6639 6654 CTAATAGCAGCGGGAT  78 403 1158459 6541 6556 6740 6755 CAGCCTTTATCACTCA  51 404 1158492 6700 6715 6899 6914 CTGATTTTAAGGTTGC  20 405 1158523 6973 6988 7172 7187 AAAGAACTAGTGGTTC 104 406 1158556 7087 7102 7286 7301 ACTGATCTGACTTTGT  68 407 1158589 7163 7178 7362 7377 CCACGCCAACACAGTT  69 408 1158622 7314 7329 7513 7528 CTTCTCTTGACCTTAG  39 409 1158656 7421 7436 7620 7635 TTAAGAGAAGCCCAGG  76 410 1158689 7527 7542 7726 7741 TAGGGAAAAGTGGTTG 113 411 1158723 7658 7673 7857 7872 AGGATCCAAGCTACTG 113 412 1158757 7712 7727 7911 7926 CCAAAGACCTCGACAC  87 413 1158789 7785 7800 7984 7999 GCTGTGGTTTTAATAC  51 414 1158823 7877 7892 8076 8091 CCCAGCATTACAGTTC  90 415 1158856 7988 8003 8187 8202 TGTTATGTTCACCTGA  65 416 1158889 8044 8059 8243 8258 CCCTACTGAAGAGCAT  87 417 1158920 8218 8233 8417 8432 AGATTAGTAGTCAAAG 112 418 1158954 8332 8347 8531 8546 ACATCAAGGATGTATA 106 419 1158988 8449 8464 8648 8663 GCAGTAGGGCTTCTCA 108 420

TABLE 36 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: NO: NO: 1 NO: 1 2824 2824 SEQ Compound Start Stop Start Stop MALAT1 ID Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC  78  18  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG  98  32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA  39  36  946407 3452 3467 3652 3667 CTCCAATGGACATCTC  71 421 1156454   17   32 N/A N/A AAGTCTCGGGCTGCAG  96 422 1156487  201  216  167  182 AGATAGCAGCACAACT 105 423 1156520  265  280  231  246 GCAGAGTTTGAGTGGT 109 424 1156554  358  373  324  339 CTGTGTTATGCCTGGT 103 425 1156588  488  503  454  469 AAGTAGACCAACTAAG 122 426 1156622  534  549  500  515 CTCACAAGGCAAATCG 112 427 1156656  616  631  582  597 GCCCCCCAGTTGCCGC 135 428 1156690  751  766  717  732 CACGGGCTGTCTGCTT  82 429 1156723  839  854  805  820 GGACTTTCTCCCCCAA 105 430 1156757  897  912  863  878 TTCCATTACGCAACTG 121 431 1156791  962  977  928  943 GGACAGTAGGTATAGT  89 432 1156825 N/A N/A 1011 1026 ATTTTAAACGGGTCAT  93 433 1156859 N/A N/A 1163 1178 CGGTTAAAAATAGGTT  94 434 1156893 1020 1035 1220 1235 TCACCGGAATTCGATC 363 435 1156927 1074 1089 1274 1289 ATGCCTACCGCACAGC 108 436 1156961 1200 1215 1400 1415 AACCTATTGACTATAT  81 437 1156995 1337 1352 1537 1552 ATCTCAACCTCCGTCA  66 438 1157028 1518 1533 1718 1733 TTAAAAGATCGCCTTC  57 439 1157061 1593 1608 1793 1808 TAGGCTTTAAATGACG  74 440 1157095 1866 1881 2066 2081 TCTTCTAAGTTTGTAC  37 441 1157129 2135 2150 2335 2350 TAAATTGGTTCTGGTC  51 442 1157163 2287 2302 2487 2502 TCAAACTAAGCTACTA 101 443 1157195 2347 2362 2547 2562 TTAAGTTGGTAATTAC 106 444 1157229 2453 2468 2653 2668 TAGATTCACTGAATCC 104 445 1157263 2571 2586 2771 2786 CGCACTGGCTCCTGGA  51 446 1157297 2683 2698 2883 2898 GCCTGCTACCTTCATC  64 447 1157330 2763 2778 2963 2978 TTGGCACACTGGCATG  76 448 1157364 2820 2835 3020 3035 AAACAACATATTGCCG  80 449 1157398 2898 2913 3098 3113 ATCCCTTTACACCTCA  64 450 1157431 2976 2991 3176 3191 TTCAGACAAGATTCAT  49 451 1157463 3137 3152 3337 3352 ATTACCCCAACTAAAC  91 452 1157497 3239 3254 3439 3454 CTCCCCCCCGCCTCAG  88 453 1157530 3341 3356 3541 3556 TTACACCTTGAGTCAT  79 454 1157596 3634 3649 3834 3849 TCAATAGTACTATAGC  75 455 1157629 3724 3739 3924 3939 GAATACTCTTCCAAGG  84 456 1157663 3881 3896 4081 4096 AATATTTGCCCCTCCC  85 457 1157696 3959 3974 4159 4174 CTGCAATCATAAACTA  90 458 1157730 4093 4108 4293 4308 TTAACTTCCCCCAGCT 100 459 1157763 4210 4225 4410 4425 CAGTTCAATACTTTCC  55 460 1157796 4288 4303 4488 4503 ACACACTACCATATCC 103 461 1157830 4453 4468 4653 4668 AAACTTGCTTACACAC  75 462 1157863 4619 4634 4818 4833 CCCACCCTCTAAGAGA 104 463 1157895 4755 4770 4954 4969 TACTTATCAATTCACC  46 464 1157929 

4821 4836 5020 5035 GTAGTAAGAATCTCAG  20   5 1157963 4923 4938 5122 5137 CTTGACAAGCAATTAA  70 465 1157997 5056 5071 5255 5270 TATTCCAGGATTAATG  71 466 1158029 5143 5158 5342 5357 GTCTGAGGCAAACGAA  71 467 1158063 5230 5245 5429 5444 CAAGTTAAACTTATCT  84 468 1158096 5298 5313 5497 5512 GTTGATATTTAAGAAC 115 469 1158128 5393 5408 5592 5607 CCACAGGAACAAGTCC 105 470 1158161 

5494 5509 5693 5708 CCTTAGTTGGCATCAA  18   6 1158195 5683 5698 5882 5897 TAAATAAGGAGACAGC  62 471 1158228 5780 5795 5979 5994 ATTAAAGAGTGTTCGC  31 472 1158261 5904 5919 6103 6118 TTTAGAGGGCCTCTAT  83 473 1158294 5999 6014 6198 6213 ATTTATAGACCCCTGA 108 474 1158328 6089 6104 6288 6303 AAACATTGCCTACCAC 109 475 1158362 6212 6227 6411 6426 AAGCACTCATATGCAA 102 476 1158394 6330 6345 6529 6544 ACAACAAGTAAGCCCC 107 477 1158428 6441 6456 6640 6655 TCTAATAGCAGCGGGA  84 478 1158460 6542 6557 6741 6756 TCAGCCTTTATCACTC  87 479 1158493 6701 6716 6900 6915 ACTGATTTTAAGGTTG  74 480 1158524 6975 6990 7174 7189 TGAAAGAACTAGTGGT  77 481 1158557 7088 7103 7287 7302 AACTGATCTGACTTTG  66 482 1158590 7165 7180 7364 7379 CCCCACGCCAACACAG  90 483 1158623 7317 7332 7516 7531 ACACTTCTCTTGACCT  40 484 1158657 7422 7437 7621 7636 GTTAAGAGAAGCCCAG  80 485 1158690 7528 7543 7727 7742 CTAGGGAAAAGTGGTT 122 486 1158724 7659 7674 7858 7873 AAGGATCCAAGCTACT  92 487 1158758 7713 7728 7912 7927 ACCAAAGACCTCGACA  86 488 1158790 7791 7806 7990 8005 TACTTAGCTGTGGTTT  77 489 1158824 7878 7893 8077 8092 ACCCAGCATTACAGTT  92 490 1158857 7989 8004 8188 8203 CTGTTATGTTCACCTG  44 491 1158890 8046 8061 8245 8260 GACCCTACTGAAGAGC  68 492 1158921 8220 8235 8419 8434 ACAGATTAGTAGTCAA  91 493 1158955 8333 8348 8532 8547 TACATCAAGGATGTAT  98 494 1158989 8450 8465 8649 8664 AGCAGTAGGGCTTCTC  97 495

TABLE 37 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: NO: NO: 1 NO: 1 2824 2824 SEQ Compound Start Stop Start Stop MALAT1 ID Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC  93  18  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 107  32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA  34  36  946421 7423 7438 7622 7637 TGTTAAGAGAAGCCCA  98 496  946426 8451 8466 8650 8665 CAGCAGTAGGGCTTCT 101 497 1156455   18   33 N/A N/A GAAGTCTCGGGCTGCA  94 498 1156488  202  217  168  183 AAGATAGCAGCACAAC  88 499 1156521  267  282  233  248 CTGCAGAGTTTGAGTG 119 500 1156555  359  374  325  340 TCTGTGTTATGCCTGG  83 501 1156589  490  505  456  471 TAAAGTAGACCAACTA  86 502 1156623  535  550  501  516 GCTCACAAGGCAAATC 104 503 1156657  618  633  584  599 CGGCCCCCCAGTTGCC  83 504 1156691  752  767  718  733 GCACGGGCTGTCTGCT 112 505 1156724  840  855  806  821 CGGACTTTCTCCCCCA 109 506 1156758  899  914  865  880 CTTTCCATTACGCAAC 100 507 1156792  964  979  930  945 AGGGACAGTAGGTATA  84 508 1156826 N/A N/A 1012 1027 TATTTTAAACGGGTCA  97 509 1156860 N/A N/A 1164 1179 TCGGTTAAAAATAGGT  84 510 1156894 1021 1036 1221 1236 ATCACCGGAATTCGAT  83 511 1156928 1076 1091 1276 1291 CAATGCCTACCGCACA  84 512 1156962 1201 1216 1401 1416 TAACCTATTGACTATA  78 513 1156996 1339 1354 1539 1554 TCATCTCAACCTCCGT  43 514 1157029 1519 1534 1719 1734 TTTAAAAGATCGCCTT  50 515 1157062 1597 1612 1797 1812 TAACTAGGCTTTAAAT  86 516 1157096 1923 1938 2123 2138 CTATCTGAAACTCTTG  43 517 1157130 2136 2151 2336 2351 CTAAATTGGTTCTGGT  34 518 1157164 2288 2303 2488 2503 TTCAAACTAAGCTACT  69 519 1157196 2349 2364 2549 2564 CATTAAGTTGGTAATT  88 520 1157230 2454 2469 2654 2669 CTAGATTCACTGAATC  93 521 1157264 2572 2587 2772 2787 TCGCACTGGCTCCTGG  58 522 1157298 2684 2699 2884 2899 CGCCTGCTACCTTCAT  70 523 1157331 2769 2784 2969 2984 GTGGCCTTGGCACACT 110 524 1157365 2838 2853 3038 3053 CATAAGTAAGTTCCAG  51 525 1157399 2899 2914 3099 3114 AATCCCTTTACACCTC  74 526 1157432 2977 2992 3177 3192 CTTCAGACAAGATTCA  76 527 1157464 3138 3153 3338 3353 CATTACCCCAACTAAA  85 528 1157498 3240 3255 3440 3455 ACTCCCCCCCGCCTCA  74 529 1157531 3342 3357 3542 3557 GTTACACCTTGAGTCA  47 530 1157564 3453 3468 3653 3668 TCTCCAATGGACATCT  92 531 1157597 3635 3650 3835 3850 GTCAATAGTACTATAG  42 532 1157630 3725 3740 3925 3940 GGAATACTCTTCCAAG  94 533 1157664 3882 3897 4082 4097 CAATATTTGCCCCTCC  70 534 1157697 3965 3980 4165 4180 GTTTATCTGCAATCAT  43 535 1157731 4094 4109 4294 4309 TTTAACTTCCCCCAGC 102 536 1157764 4211 4226 4411 4426 CCAGTTCAATACTTTC  87 537 1157797 4290 4305 4490 4505 CCACACACTACCATAT  83 538 1157831 4496 4511 4695 4710 TGCAGTTAAACAATGG  38 539 1157864 4620 4635 4819 4834 GCCCACCCTCTAAGAG  82 540 1157896 4761 4776 4960 4975 TGCCTTTACTTATCAA  74 541 1157930 4823 4838 5022 5037 CAGTAGTAAGAATCTC  46 542 1157964 4924 4939 5123 5138 GCTTGACAAGCAATTA  65 543 1157998 5057 5072 5256 5271 TTATTCCAGGATTAAT 105 544 1158030 5145 5160 5344 5359 CTGTCTGAGGCAAACG  63 545 1158064 5231 5246 5430 5445 GCAAGTTAAACTTATC  58 546 1158097 5304 5319 5503 5518 GCCATGGTTGATATTT  91 547 1158129 5394 5409 5593 5608 CCCACAGGAACAAGTC  86 548 1158162 

5495 5510 5694 5709 TCCTTAGTTGGCATCA  24   7 1158196 5706 5721 5905 5920 CTACAGACAAACACTA  94 549 1158229 5781 5796 5980 5995 CATTAAAGAGTGTTCG  66 550 1158262 5906 5921 6105 6120 TATTTAGAGGGCCTCT  66 551 1158295 6000 6015 6199 6214 AATTTATAGACCCCTG  96 552 1158329 6092 6107 6291 6306 GTAAAACATTGCCTAC  76 553 1158363 6214 6229 6413 6428 CCAAGCACTCATATGC  88 554 1158395 6331 6346 6530 6545 TACAACAAGTAAGCCC  80 555 1158429 6442 6457 6641 6656 TTCTAATAGCAGCGGG  41 556 1158461 6544 6559 6743 6758 ACTCAGCCTTTATCAC 105 557 1158494 6715 6730 6914 6929 GAATGTTTCTTGTCAC  57 558 1158525 6976 6991 7175 7190 CTGAAAGAACTAGTGG  80 559 1158558 7089 7104 7288 7303 TAACTGATCTGACTTT  74 560 1158591 7167 7182 7366 7381 ACCCCCACGCCAACAC  77 561 1158624 7319 7334 7518 7533 TGACACTTCTCTTGAC  70 562 1158691 7529 7544 7728 7743 GCTAGGGAAAAGTGGT  95 563 1158725 7660 7675 7859 7874 CAAGGATCCAAGCTAC  81 564 1158759 7714 7729 7913 7928 CACCAAAGACCTCGAC  82 565 1158791 7792 7807 7991 8006 CTACTTAGCTGTGGTT  67 566 1158825 7881 7896 8080 8095 CCCACCCAGCATTACA  82 567 1158858 7990 8005 8189 8204 TCTGTTATGTTCACCT  48 568 1158891 8047 8062 8246 8261 TGACCCTACTGAAGAG  79 569 1158922 8221 8236 8420 8435 GACAGATTAGTAGTCA 112 570 1158956 8334 8349 8533 8548 ATACATCAAGGATGTA  81 571

TABLE 38 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: NO: NO: 1 NO: 1 2824 2824 SEQ Compound Start Stop Start Stop MALAT1 ID Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC 110  18  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 115  32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA  60  36 1156456   19   34 N/A N/A AGAAGTCTCGGGCTGC  92 572 1156489  203  218  169  184 TAAGATAGCAGCACAA 103 573 1156522  274  289  240  255 GACCAAACTGCAGAGT  97 574 1156556  365  380  331  346 GCAGATTCTGTGTTAT 102 575 1156590  491  506  457  472 TTAAAGTAGACCAACT  73 576 1156624  539  554  505  520 AAGTGCTCACAAGGCA 116 577 1156658  619  634  585  600 GCGGCCCCCCAGTTGC 116 578 1156692  753  768  719  734 AGCACGGGCTGTCTGC  93 579 1156725  841  856  807  822 GCGGACTTTCTCCCCC 124 580 1156759  900  915  866  881 ACTTTCCATTACGCAA  91 581 1156793  965  980  931  946 GAGGGACAGTAGGTAT  81 582 1156827 N/A N/A 1013 1028 ATATTTTAAACGGGTC  84 583 1156861 N/A N/A 1165 1180 TTCGGTTAAAAATAGG 107 584 1156895 1022 1037 1222 1237 CATCACCGGAATTCGA  98 585 1156929 1077 1092 1277 1292 TCAATGCCTACCGCAC  97 586 1156963 1202 1217 1402 1417 GTAACCTATTGACTAT  67 587 1156997 1348 1363 1548 1563 GAAGAAGCTTCATCTC  85 588 1157030 1520 1535 1720 1735 TTTTAAAAGATCGCCT  67 589 1157063 1599 1614 1799 1814 GTTAACTAGGCTTTAA  77 590 1157097 1948 1963 2148 2163 CTTGTCTTAGCTTGTT  29 591 1157131 2137 2152 2337 2352 TCTAAATTGGTTCTGG  45 592 1157165 2305 2320 2505 2520 GAAAGTCCTTCACATT  78 593 1157197 2350 2365 2550 2565 ACATTAAGTTGGTAAT  96 594 1157231 2463 2478 2663 2678 GCTGTCTTCCTAGATT  64 595 1157265 2574 2589 2774 2789 AATCGCACTGGCTCCT  75 596 1157299 2686 2701 2886 2901 GCCGCCTGCTACCTTC  88 597 1157332 2778 2793 2978 2993 GCTTTCCCTGTGGCCT  90 598 1157366 2840 2855 3040 3055 ACCATAAGTAAGTTCC  42 599 1157400 2900 2915 3100 3115 AAATCCCTTTACACCT  77 600 1157433 3001 3016 3201 3216 GACTTGGCAGTCTGCC  90 601 1157465 3139 3154 3339 3354 TCATTACCCCAACTAA  83 602 1157499 3241 3256 3441 3456 AACTCCCCCCCGCCTC  94 603 1157532 3343 3358 3543 3558 TGTTACACCTTGAGTC  63 604 1157565 3457 3472 3657 3672 CATTTCTCCAATGGAC  88 605 1157598 3636 3651 3836 3851 TGTCAATAGTACTATA  82 606 1157631 3726 3741 3926 3941 GGGAATACTCTTCCAA  86 607 1157665 3883 3898 4083 4098 CCAATATTTGCCCCTC  60 608 1157698 3966 3981 4166 4181 AGTTTATCTGCAATCA  54 609 1157732 4095 4110 4295 4310 ATTTAACTTCCCCCAG  82 610 1157765 4212 4227 4412 4427 CCCAGTTCAATACTTT  75 611 1157798 4292 4307 4492 4507 AACCACACACTACCAT 107 612 1157832 4513 4528 4712 4727 ACCTTAACATCTTGTT  85 613 1157865 4622 4637 4821 4836 AAGCCCACCCTCTAAG  79 614 1157897 4762 4777 4961 4976 CTGCCTTTACTTATCA  56 615 1157931 4824 4839 5023 5038 TCAGTAGTAAGAATCT  44 616 1157965 4925 4940 5124 5139 AGCTTGACAAGCAATT  84 617 1157999 5068 5083 5267 5282 TTCGGCTTCTTTTATT  56 618 1158031 5150 5165 5349 5364 GATACCTGTCTGAGGC  67 619 1158065 5232 5247 5431 5446 TGCAAGTTAAACTTAT  75 620 1158098 5305 5320 5504 5519 TGCCATGGTTGATATT  63 621 1158130 5395 5410 5594 5609 GCCCACAGGAACAAGT  75 622 1158163 5496 5511 5695 5710 TTCCTTAGTTGGCATC  26 623 1158197 5718 5733 5917 5932 CCCAACACTGAACTAC  81 624 1158230 5782 5797 5981 5996 CCATTAAAGAGTGTTC  36 625 1158263 5907 5922 6106 6121 TTATTTAGAGGGCCTC  43 626 1158296 6001 6016 6200 6215 CAATTTATAGACCCCT 106 627 1158330 6093 6108 6292 6307 TGTAAAACATTGCCTA 107 628 1158364 6215 6230 6414 6429 GCCAAGCACTCATATG  76 629 1158396 6332 6347 6531 6546 CTACAACAAGTAAGCC  93 630 1158430 6443 6458 6642 6657 ATTCTAATAGCAGCGG  68 631 1158462 6548 6563 6747 6762 CAACACTCAGCCTTTA 101 632 1158495 6730 6745 6929 6944 ACTGTTGCTTGTTTGG  47 633 1158526 6985 7000 7184 7199 GAATACCATCTGAAAG  84 634 1158559 7090 7105 7289 7304 ATAACTGATCTGACTT 105 635 1158592 7170 7185 7369 7384 TCCACCCCCACGCCAA 109 636 1158625 7321 7336 7520 7535 GCTGACACTTCTCTTG  52 637 1158658 7424 7439 7623 7638 ATGTTAAGAGAAGCCC 117 638 1158692 7530 7545 7729 7744 AGCTAGGGAAAAGTGG 110 639 1158726 7661 7676 7860 7875 ACAAGGATCCAAGCTA 107 640 1158760 7715 7730 7914 7929 CCACCAAAGACCTCGA  73 641 1158792 7793 7808 7992 8007 GCTACTTAGCTGTGGT  72 642 1158826 7882 7897 8081 8096 TCCCACCCAGCATTAC  73 643 1158859 7992 8007 8191 8206 AGTCTGTTATGTTCAC  46 644 1158892 8048 8063 8247 8262 ATGACCCTACTGAAGA  85 645 1158923 8222 8237 8421 8436 AGACAGATTAGTAGTC 108 646 1158957 8336 8351 8535 8550 TTATACATCAAGGATG  96 647 1158990 8457 8472 8656 8671 AGTTTTCAGCAGTAGG 121 648

TABLE 39 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: NO: NO: 1 NO: 1 2824 2824 SEQ Compound Start Stop Start Stop MALAT1 ID Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC  82  18  556110 7198 7213 7397 7412 AAAAAAGGCTTAGCGC 100 649  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 131  32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA  39  36 1156457   20   35 N/A N/A CAGAAGTCTCGGGCTG  81 650 1156490  204  219  170  185 CTAAGATAGCAGCACA  89 651 1156523  277  292  243  258 CAAGACCAAACTGCAG 128 652 1156557  406  421  372  387 TTACACTGCTCTGGGT  98 653 1156591  492  507  458  473 TTTAAAGTAGACCAAC 149 654 1156625  541  556  507  522 GAAAGTGCTCACAAGG  94 655 1156659  620  635  586  601 TGCGGCCCCCCAGTTG 106 656 1156693  754  769  720  735 CAGCACGGGCTGTCTG 133 657 1156726  842  857  808  823 GGCGGACTTTCTCCCC 117 658 1156760  901  916  867  882 TACTTTCCATTACGCA  84 659 1156794  966  981  932  947 TGAGGGACAGTAGGTA  82 660 1156828 N/A N/A 1014 1029 CATATTTTAAACGGGT 116 661 1156862 N/A N/A 1166 1181 CTTCGGTTAAAAATAG  96 662 1156896 1025 1040 1225 1240 TCGCATCACCGGAATT  96 663 1156930 1079 1094 1279 1294 CCTCAATGCCTACCGC  83 664 1156964 1203 1218 1403 1418 AGTAACCTATTGACTA 116 665 1156998 1354 1369 1554 1569 CTCCATGAAGAAGCTT  51 666 1157031 1522 1537 1722 1737 CTTTTTAAAAGATCGC  69 667 1157064 1600 1615 1800 1815 CGTTAACTAGGCTTTA  48 668 1157098 1950 1965 2150 2165 TACTTGTCTTAGCTTG  49 669 1157132 2140 2155 2340 2355 TCTTCTAAATTGGTTC  51 670 1157166 2307 2322 2507 2522 ACGAAAGTCCTTCACA  89 671 1157198 2363 2378 2563 2578 GTCCAATGCAAAAACA 105 672 1157232 2477 2492 2677 2692 GAATCCTGTCTGCTGC  67 673 1157266 2575 2590 2775 2790 AAATCGCACTGGCTCC  94 674 1157300 2688 2703 2888 2903 AAGCCGCCTGCTACCT 116 675 1157333 2779 2794 2979 2994 CGCTTTCCCTGTGGCC 102 676 1157367 2841 2856 3041 3056 TACCATAAGTAAGTTC  96 677 1157401 2901 2916 3101 3116 TAAATCCCTTTACACC  88 678 1157434 3002 3017 3202 3217 GGACTTGGCAGTCTGC  73 679 1157466 3140 3155 3340 3355 TTCATTACCCCAACTA  58 680 1157500 3243 3258 3443 3458 AAAACTCCCCCCCGCC 104 681 1157533 3344 3359 3544 3559 CTGTTACACCTTGAGT  67 682 1157566 3466 3481 3666 3681 ACTACCAGCCATTTCT  51 683 1157599 3640 3655 3840 3855 AGTTTGTCAATAGTAC  58 684 1157632 3727 3742 3927 3942 TGGGAATACTCTTCCA  89 685 1157666 3885 3900 4085 4100 TGCCAATATTTGCCCC  80 686 1157699 3970 3985 4170 4185 CATGAGTTTATCTGCA 106 687 1157733 4097 4112 4297 4312 ATATTTAACTTCCCCC  70 688 1157766 4213 4228 4413 4428 CCCCAGTTCAATACTT  75 689 1157799 4294 4309 4494 4509 AGAACCACACACTACC  77 690 1157833 4514 4529 4713 4728 TACCTTAACATCTTGT  86 691 1157866 4623 4638 4822 4837 AAAGCCCACCCTCTAA 126 692 1157898 4781 4796 4980 4995 GTATGACATATAATCT  45 693 1157932 4825 4840 5024 5039 ATCAGTAGTAAGAATC  77 694 1157966 4926 4941 5125 5140 TAGCTTGACAAGCAAT  88 695 1158000 5070 5085 5269 5284 ATTTCGGCTTCTTTTA  43 696 1158032 5151 5166 5350 5365 AGATACCTGTCTGAGG  88 697 1158066 5236 5251 5435 5450 CAGATGCAAGTTAAAC  60 698 1158099 5310 5325 5509 5524 GAAAGTGCCATGGTTG  59 699 1158131 5408 5423 5607 5622 TCCCATCACTGAAGCC  56 700 1158164 5498 5513 5697 5712 ATTTCCTTAGTTGGCA  28 701 1158198 5720 5735 5919 5934 GCCCCAACACTGAACT  89 702 1158231 5783 5798 5982 5997 TCCATTAAAGAGTGTT  44 703 1158264 5908 5923 6107 6122 CTTATTTAGAGGGCCT  64 704 1158297 6002 6017 6201 6216 TCAATTTATAGACCCC  53 705 1158331 6094 6109 6293 6308 GTGTAAAACATTGCCT 100 706 1158365 6216 6231 6415 6430 AGCCAAGCACTCATAT  83 707 1158397 6333 6348 6532 6547 GCTACAACAAGTAAGC  91 708 1158431 6444 6459 6643 6658 CATTCTAATAGCAGCG  49 709 1158463 6575 6590 6774 6789 GACTGCTTAAAACTGC  64 710 1158496 6732 6747 6931 6946 AGACTGTTGCTTGTTT  99 711 1158527 6988 7003 7187 7202 GAAGAATACCATCTGA  95 712 1158560 7091 7106 7290 7305 CATAACTGATCTGACT 105 713 1158626 7322 7337 7521 7536 GGCTGACACTTCTCTT  48 714 1158659 7455 7470 7654 7669 TTAAGAGCTGCTATAA  94 715 1158693 7537 7552 7736 7751 CTGGAAAAGCTAGGGA 113 716 1158727 7662 7677 7861 7876 CACAAGGATCCAAGCT  82 717 1158761 7716 7731 7915 7930 CCCACCAAAGACCTCG  69 718 1158793 7794 7809 7993 8008 AGCTACTTAGCTGTGG  66 719 1158827 7889 7904 8088 8103 TACATGTTCCCACCCA  61 720 1158860 7997 8012 8196 8211 GGCCAAGTCTGTTATG 101 721 1158893 8049 8064 8248 8263 CATGACCCTACTGAAG  98 722 1158924 8227 8242 8426 8441 CCTGAAGACAGATTAG  76 723 1158958 8337 8352 8536 8551 ATTATACATCAAGGAT  83 724 1158991 8458 8473 8657 8672 AAGTTTTCAGCAGTAG  92 725

TABLE 40 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ SEQ NO: NO: ID NO: ID NO: 2824 2824 Compound 1 Start 1 Stop Start Stop MALAT1 SEQ Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) ID No. 395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC 81 18 559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 132 32 559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA 49 36 946416 5909 5924 6108 6123 CCTTATTTAGAGGGCC 67 726 1156458 21 36 N/A N/A ACAGAAGTCTCGGGCT 81 727 1156491 205 220 171 186 GCTAAGATAGCAGCAC 71 728 1156524 280 295 246 261 CCCCAAGACCAAACTG 109 729 1156558 410 425 376 391 GTGTTTACACTGCTCT 94 730 1156592 495 510 461 476 CCTTTTAAAGTAGACC 122 731 1156626 545 560 511 526 TCCTGAAAGTGCTCAC 107 732 1156660 621 636 587 602 CTGCGGCCCCCCAGTT 75 733 1156694 756 771 722 737 AGCAGCACGGGCTGTC 90 734 1156727 843 858 809 824 TGGCGGACTTTCTCCC 91 735 1156761 902 917 868 883 TTACTTTCCATTACGC 84 736 1156795 967 982 933 948 TTGAGGGACAGTAGGT 79 737 1156829 N/A N/A 1015 1030 TCATATTTTAAACGGG 77 738 1156863 N/A N/A 1167 1182 TCTTCGGTTAAAAATA 81 739 1156897 1026 1041 1226 1241 CTCGCATCACCGGAAT 114 740 1156931 1080 1095 1280 1295 GCCTCAATGCCTACCG 111 741 1156965 1204 1219 1404 1419 TAGTAACCTATTGACT 136 742 1156999 1356 1371 1556 1571 TACTCCATGAAGAAGC 126 743 1157032 1533 1548 1733 1748 CGGTTTAATCTCTTTT 20 744 1157065 1640 1655 1840 1855 CCCAATTAATCTTTCC 53 745 1157099 1951 1966 2151 2166 ATACTTGTCTTAGCTT 40 746 1157133 2156 2171 2356 2371 TTCTAGCTTCAAGTAT 75 747 1157167 2308 2323 2508 2523 TACGAAAGTCCTTCAC 65 748 1157199 2364 2379 2564 2579 AGTCCAATGCAAAAAC 77 749 1157233 2479 2494 2679 2694 TGGAATCCTGTCTGCT 83 750 1157267 2577 2592 2777 2792 CCAAATCGCACTGGCT 84 751 1157301 2691 2706 2891 2906 GCCAAGCCGCCTGCTA 80 752 1157334 2781 2796 2981 2996 CTCGCTTTCCCTGTGG 83 753 1157368 2842 2857 3042 3057 TTACCATAAGTAAGTT 120 754 1157402 2908 2923 3108 3123 CCCCATATAAATCCCT 107 755 1157435 3003 3018 3203 3218 AGGACTTGGCAGTCTG 70 756 1157467 3141 3156 3341 3356 CTTCATTACCCCAACT 86 757 1157501 3244 3259 3444 3459 GAAAACTCCCCCCCGC 104 758 1157534 3345 3360 3545 3560 TCTGTTACACCTTGAG 52 759 1157567 3468 3483 3668 3683 TAACTACCAGCCATTT 76 760 1157600 3641 3656 3841 3856 CAGTTTGTCAATAGTA 48 761 1157633 3729 3744 3929 3944 ACTGGGAATACTCTTC 72 762 1157667 3894 3909 4094 4109 CCAACTAATTGCCAAT 60 763 1157700 3974 3989 4174 4189 CTGGCATGAGTTTATC 73 764 1157734 4098 4113 4298 4313 CATATTTAACTTCCCC 75 765 1157767 4216 4231 4416 4431 AACCCCCAGTTCAATA 80 766 1157800 4296 4311 4496 4511 AGAGAACCACACACTA 72 767 1157834 4515 4530 4714 4729 ATACCTTAACATCTTG 57 768 1157867 4630 4645 4829 4844 ATCAACAAAAGCCCAC 112 769 1157899 4783 4798 4982 4997 AGGTATGACATATAAT 65 770 1157933 4826 4841 5025 5040 CATCAGTAGTAAGAAT 86 771 1157967 4928 4943 5127 5142 TATAGCTTGACAAGCA 81 772 1158001 5071 5086 5270 5285 TATTTCGGCTTCTTTT 53 773 1158033 5152 5167 5351 5366 GAGATACCTGTCTGAG 60 774 1158067 5238 5253 5437 5452 TGCAGATGCAAGTTAA 51 775 1158100 5312 5327 5511 5526 GAGAAAGTGCCATGGT 74 776 1158132 5409 5424 5608 5623 ATCCCATCACTGAAGC 64 777 1158165 5499 5514 5698 5713 AATTTCCTTAGTTGGC 32 778 1158199 5722 5737 5921 5936 TTGCCCCAACACTGAA 93 779 1158232 5784 5799 5983 5998 GTCCATTAAAGAGTGT 53 780 1158298 6003 6018 6202 6217 GTCAATTTATAGACCC 82 781 1158332 6095 6110 6294 6309 AGTGTAAAACATTGCC 93 782 1158366 6217 6232 6416 6431 GAGCCAAGCACTCATA 94 783 1158398 6334 6349 6533 6548 AGCTACAACAAGTAAG 88 784 1158432 6447 6462 6646 6661 ATGCATTCTAATAGCA 101 785 1158464 6578 6593 6777 6792 TACGACTGCTTAAAAC 95 786 1158497 6734 6749 6933 6948 GAAGACTGTTGCTTGT 48 787 1158528 6989 7004 7188 7203 TGAAGAATACCATCTG 70 788 1158561 7092 7107 7291 7306 CCATAACTGATCTGAC 87 789 1158593 7215 7230 7414 7429 GTACCTGAAAAATCTT 97 790 1158627 7324 7339 7523 7538 GAGGCTGACACTTCTC 110 791 1158660 7456 7471 7655 7670 ATTAAGAGCTGCTATA 104 792 1158694 7538 7553 7737 7752 TCTGGAAAAGCTAGGG 121 793 1158728 7663 7678 7862 7877 CCACAAGGATCCAAGC 120 794 1158762 7717 7732 7916 7931 ACCCACCAAAGACCTC 91 795 1158794 7796 7811 7995 8010 AGAGCTACTTAGCTGT 84 796 1158828 7890 7905 8089 8104 TTACATGTTCCCACCC 81 797 1158861 8002 8017 8201 8216 AGCTTGGCCAAGTCTG 72 798 1158894 8052 8067 8251 8266 CTTCATGACCCTACTG 64 799 1158925 8239 8254 8438 8453 TACAGAAAGAGTCCTG 83 800 1158959 8346 8361 8545 8560 TCCTGACAAATTATAC 72 801 1158992 8459 8474 8658 8673 TAAGTTTTCAGCAGTA 114 802

TABLE 41 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: NO: NO: 1 NO: 1 2824 2824 SEQ Compound Start Stop Start Stop MALAT1 ID Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) No. 395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC 101 18 559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 121 32 559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA 36 36 568504 7891 7906 8090 8105 GTTACATGTTCCCACC 63 803 946400 757 772 723 738 GAGCAGCACGGGCTGT 86 804 946405 2692 2707 2892 2907 AGCCAAGCCGCCTGCT 80 805 1156459 22 37 N/A N/A TACAGAAGTCTCGGGC 72 806 1156492 207 222 173 188 CAGCTAAGATAGCAGC 92 807 1156525 282 297 248 263 AACCCCAAGACCAAAC 89 808 1156559 411 426 377 392 AGTGTTTACACTGCTC 78 809 1156593 497 512 463 478 GGCCTTTTAAAGTAGA 72 810 1156627 566 581 532 547 CGTTTTTCAGCTTCCA 93 811 1156661 622 637 588 603 TCTGCGGCCCCCCAGT 75 812 1156728 844 859 810 825 ATGGCGGACTTTCTCC 71 813 1156762 903 918 869 884 TTTACTTTCCATTACG 84 814 1156796 969 984 935 950 TCTTGAGGGACAGTAG 107 815 1156830 N/A N/A 1016 1031 ATCATATTTTAAACGG 68 816 1156864 N/A N/A 1168 1183 TTCTTCGGTTAAAAAT 98 817 1156898 1027 1042 1227 1242 ACTCGCATCACCGGAA 85 818 1156932 1082 1097 1282 1297 CTGCCTCAATGCCTAC 56 819 1156966 1205 1220 1405 1420 TTAGTAACCTATTGAC 66 820 1157000 1399 1414 1599 1614 GCTCTGTAGTCCTTTC 58 821 1157033 1534 1549 1734 1749 TCGGTTTAATCTCTTT 37 822 1157066 1642 1657 1842 1857 CTCCCAATTAATCTTT 73 823 1157100 1952 1967 2152 2167 AATACTTGTCTTAGCT 59 824 1157134 2159 2174 2359 2374 CCCTTCTAGCTTCAAG 62 825 1157168 2309 2324 2509 2524 TTACGAAAGTCCTTCA 72 826 1157200 2369 2384 2569 2584 CTCAAAGTCCAATGCA 52 827 1157234 2490 2505 2690 2705 ACACTGGTTCCTGGAA 52 828 1157268 2578 2593 2778 2793 ACCAAATCGCACTGGC 97 829 1157335 2782 2797 2982 2997 ACTCGCTTTCCCTGTG 65 830 1157369 2843 2858 3043 3058 GTTACCATAAGTAAGT 98 831 1157403 2911 2926 3111 3126 CGTCCCCATATAAATC 99 832 1157436 3004 3019 3204 3219 CAGGACTTGGCAGTCT 86 833 1157468 3143 3158 3343 3358 TACTTCATTACCCCAA 66 834 1157502 3245 3260 3445 3460 TGAAAACTCCCCCCCG 79 835 1157535 3346 3361 3546 3561 TTCTGTTACACCTTGA 41 836 1157568 3469 3484 3669 3684 GTAACTACCAGCCATT 55 837 1157601 3643 3658 3843 3858 CCCAGTTTGTCAATAG 61 838 1157634 3730 3745 3930 3945 AACTGGGAATACTCTT 78 839 1157668 3895 3910 4095 4110 GCCAACTAATTGCCAA 67 840 1157701 3985 4000 4185 4200 CTTTAAGTTCTCTGGC 36 841 1157735 4102 4117 4302 4317 GGCTCATATTTAACTT 80 842 1157768 4218 4233 4418 4433 CCAACCCCCAGTTCAA 76 843 1157801 4302 4317 4502 4517 TCCAAAAGAGAACCAC 79 844 1157835 4516 4531 4715 4730 CATACCTTAACATCTT 68 845 1157868 4632 4647 4831 4846 TCATCAACAAAAGCCC 108 846 1157900 4784 4799 4983 4998 GAGGTATGACATATAA 46 847 1157934 4829 4844 5028 5043 TCTCATCAGTAGTAAG 45 848 1157968 4929 4944 5128 5143 TTATAGCTTGACAAGC 63 849 1158002 5074 5089 5273 5288 ATTTATTTCGGCTTCT 29 850 1158034 5153 5168 5352 5367 AGAGATACCTGTCTGA 78 851 1158068 5239 5254 5438 5453 CTGCAGATGCAAGTTA 51 852 1158101 5318 5333 5517 5532 GGTCAGGAGAAAGTGC 82 853 1158133 5413 5428 5612 5627 TACTATCCCATCACTG 58 854 1158166 5500 5515 5699 5714 AAATTTCCTTAGTTGG 46 855 1158200 5725 5740 5924 5939 AGATTGCCCCAACACT 62 856 1158233 5790 5805 5989 6004 GATCTGGTCCATTAAA 75 857 1158265 5910 5925 6109 6124 TCCTTATTTAGAGGGC 71 858 1158299 6004 6019 6203 6218 TGTCAATTTATAGACC 94 859 1158333 6096 6111 6295 6310 TAGTGTAAAACATTGC 65 860 1158367 6219 6234 6418 6433 AAGAGCCAAGCACTCA 88 861 1158399 6335 6350 6534 6549 AAGCTACAACAAGTAA 90 862 1158433 6448 6463 6647 6662 AATGCATTCTAATAGC 83 863 1158465 6579 6594 6778 6793 ATACGACTGCTTAAAA 80 864 1158498 6737 6752 6936 6951 CTTGAAGACTGTTGCT 58 865 1158529 6991 7006 7190 7205 TCTGAAGAATACCATC 85 866 1158562 7093 7108 7292 7307 CCCATAACTGATCTGA 58 867 1158594 7234 7249 7433 7448 TCGGTGCCTTTAGTGA 71 868 1158628 7327 7342 7526 7541 GGTGAGGCTGACACTT 73 869 1158661 7457 7472 7656 7671 TATTAAGAGCTGCTAT 75 870 1158695 7540 7555 7739 7754 CTTCTGGAAAAGCTAG 92 871 1158729 7664 7679 7863 7878 CCCACAAGGATCCAAG 91 872 1158763 7719 7734 7918 7933 CAACCCACCAAAGACC 98 873 1158795 7797 7812 7996 8011 TAGAGCTACTTAGCTG 82 874 1158862 8003 8018 8202 8217 TAGCTTGGCCAAGTCT 81 875 1158895 8055 8070 8254 8269 AACCTTCATGACCCTA 80 876 1158926 8266 8281 8465 8480 ACTAGCACCTGCAGAG 77 877 1158960 8347 8362 8546 8561 CTCCTGACAAATTATA 83 878 1158993 8461 8476 8660 8675 GTTAAGTTTTCAGCAG 83 879

TABLE 42 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ NO: NO: NO: 1 ID NO: 2824 2824 Compound Start 1 Stop Start Stop MALAT1 SEQ Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) ID No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC 103 18  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 137 32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA 53 36  568486 6220 6235 6419 6434 GAAGAGCCAAGCACTC 109 880 1156460 23 38 N/A N/A TTACAGAAGTCTCGGG 89 881 1156493 208 223 174 189 ACAGCTAAGATAGCAG 98 882 1156526 316 331 282 297 CCGGAGCAGGAAGAAA 77 883 1156560 413 428 379 394 GAAGTGTTTACACTGC 89 884 1156594 499 514 465 480 GTGGCCTTTTAAAGTA 85 885 1156628 567 582 533 548 CCGTTTTTCAGCTTCC 94 886 1156662 623 638 589 604 ATCTGCGGCCCCCCAG 108 887 1156695 762 777 728 743 AATCGGAGCAGCACGG 74 888 1156729 845 860 811 826 AATGGCGGACTTTCTC 100 889 1156763 907 922 873 888 GGGCTTTACTTTCCAT 84 890 1156797 970 985 936 951 CTCTTGAGGGACAGTA 96 891 1156831 N/A N/A 1046 1061 CTGCAAACTTTAGACA 93 892 1156865 N/A N/A 1171 1186 TAGTTCTTCGGTTAAA 94 893 1156899 1028 1043 1228 1243 AACTCGCATCACCGGA 79 894 1156933 1090 1105 1290 1305 TGCGCTGGCTGCCTCA 75 895 1156967 1206 1221 1406 1421 CTTAGTAACCTATTGA 66 896 1157001 1416 1431 1616 1631 ATTGGTATTAATTCGG 30 897 1157034※ 1535 1550 1735 1750 TTCGGTTTAATCTCTT 25 2 1157067 1644 1659 1844 1859 CACTCCCAATTAATCT 92 898 1157101 1954 1969 2154 2169 CCAATACTTGTCTTAG 36 899 1157135 2164 2179 2364 2379 ACTTCCCCTTCTAGCT 64 900 1157169 2310 2325 2510 2525 GTTACGAAAGTCCTTC 55 901 1157201 2370 2385 2570 2585 ACTCAAAGTCCAATGC 69 902 1157235 2495 2510 2695 2710 ATCAAACACTGGTTCC 52 903 1157269 2579 2594 2779 2794 CACCAAATCGCACTGG 107 904 1157302 2693 2708 2893 2908 AAGCCAAGCCGCCTGC 71 905 1157336 2784 2799 2984 2999 CCACTCGCTTTCCCTG 59 906 1157370 2844 2859 3044 3059 GGTTACCATAAGTAAG 63 907 1157404 2925 2940 3125 3140 CGGAAATCGGCCTACG 70 908 1157437 3006 3021 3206 3221 TCCAGGACTTGGCAGT 77 909 1157469 3144 3159 3344 3359 ATACTTCATTACCCCA 50 910 1157503 3246 3261 3446 3461 CTGAAAACTCCCCCCC 102 911 1157536 3371 3386 3571 3586 TATCCTGATATTGGAT 76 912 1157569 3470 3485 3670 3685 AGTAACTACCAGCCAT 55 913 1157602 3644 3659 3844 3859 ACCCAGTTTGTCAATA 90 914 1157635 3731 3746 3931 3946 CAACTGGGAATACTCT 80 915 1157669 3896 3911 4096 4111 TGCCAACTAATTGCCA 77 916 1157702 3991 4006 4191 4206 CTAAGACTTTAAGTTC 73 917 1157736 4109 4124 4309 4324 ACCCAGTGGCTCATAT 84 918 1157769 4219 4234 4419 4434 ACCAACCCCCAGTTCA 72 919 1157802 4351 4366 4551 4566 GCAGTTTCTATAGTAG 55 920 1157836 4517 4532 4716 4731 GCATACCTTAACATCT 46 921 1157869 4688 4703 4887 4902 ACTCAGAAGATGTTAT 70 922 1157901 4785 4800 4984 4999 GGAGGTATGACATATA 32 923 1157935 4838 4853 5037 5052 AGATAATGTTCTCATC 89 924 1157969 4930 4945 5129 5144 GTTATAGCTTGACAAG 43 925 1158003 5075 5090 5274 5289 CATTTATTTCGGCTTC 34 926 1158035 5154 5169 5353 5368 AAGAGATACCTGTCTG 78 927 1158069 5244 5259 5443 5458 CAATACTGCAGATGCA 48 928 1158102 5334 5349 5533 5548 AATCCCCTAGGGAAGG 95 929 1158134 5414 5429 5613 5628 GTACTATCCCATCACT 67 930 1158167 5517 5532 5716 5731 GAGATTCAATGCTAAA 42 931 1158201 5727 5742 5926 5941 CAAGATTGCCCCAACA 88 932 1158234 5793 5808 5992 6007 CCTGATCTGGTCCATT 56 933 1158266 5911 5926 6110 6125 TTCCTTATTTAGAGGG 86 934 1158300 6007 6022 6206 6221 CACTGTCAATTTATAG 81 935 1158334 6097 6112 6296 6311 ATAGTGTAAAACATTG 100 936 1158400 6378 6393 6577 6592 GTCAAGACAACTGCAT 97 937 1158434 6449 6464 6648 6663 CAATGCATTCTAATAG 82 938 1158466 6580 6595 6779 6794 AATACGACTGCTTAAA 70 939 1158499 6738 6753 6937 6952 TCTTGAAGACTGTTGC 56 940 1158530 6992 7007 7191 7206 GTCTGAAGAATACCAT 53 941 1158563 7094 7109 7293 7308 TCCCATAACTGATCTG 69 942 1158595 7236 7251 7435 7450 CTTCGGTGCCTTTAGT 77 943 1158629 7331 7346 7530 7545 ATCAGGTGAGGCTGAC 77 944 1158662 7458 7473 7657 7672 TTATTAAGAGCTGCTA 73 945 1158696‡ 7548 7563 7747 7762 TTAACAGGCTTCTGGA 56 946 1158730 7665 7680 7864 7879 GCCCACAAGGATCCAA 85 947 1158764 7722 7737 7921 7936 GTTCAACCCACCAAAG 64 948 1158796 7798 7813 7997 8012 ATAGAGCTACTTAGCT 81 949 1158829 7892 7907 8091 8106 AGTTACATGTTCCCAC 67 950 1158863 8005 8020 8204 8219 GCTAGCTTGGCCAAGT 98 951 1158896 8080 8095 8279 8294 CGTGTTGTTTTCTCAG 77 952 1158927 8267 8282 8466 8481 AACTAGCACCTGCAGA 83 953 1158961 8348 8363 8547 8562 GCTCCTGACAAATTAT 83 954 1158994 8492 8507 8691 8706 TAGAGCTTCTCCATTT 115 955

TABLE 43 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: NO: NO: 1 NO: 1 2824 2824 Compound Start Stop Start Stop MALAT1 SEQ ID Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC 127 18  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 141 32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA 60 36  946424 8006 8021 8205 8220 TGCTAGCTTGGCCAAG 84 956 1156461 24 39 N/A N/A TTTACAGAAGTCTCGG 131 957 1156494 209 224 175 190 GACAGCTAAGATAGCA 88 958 1156527 317 332 283 298 ACCGGAGCAGGAAGAA 96 959 1156561 418 433 384 399 ACCCAGAAGTGTTTAC 84 960 1156595 503 518 469 484 TCAAGTGGCCTTTTAA 138 961 1156629 568 583 534 549 ACCGTTTTTCAGCTTC 130 962 1156663 625 640 591 606 TGATCTGCGGCCCCCC 150 963 1156696 763 778 729 744 AAATCGGAGCAGCACG 84 964 1156730 846 861 812 827 AAATGGCGGACTTTCT 83 965 1156764 908 923 874 889 AGGGCTTTACTTTCCA 105 966 1156798 971 986 937 952 TCTCTTGAGGGACAGT 107 967 1156832 N/A N/A 1047 1062 GCTGCAAACTTTAGAC 109 968 1156866 N/A N/A 1174 1189 AAGTAGTTCTTCGGTT 90 969 1156900 1029 1044 1229 1244 CAACTCGCATCACCGG 91 970 1156934 1091 1106 1291 1306 CTGCGCTGGCTGCCTC 70 971 1156968 1207 1222 1407 1422 TCTTAGTAACCTATTG 81 972 1157002 1417 1432 1617 1632 TATTGGTATTAATTCG 87 973 1157035 1536 1551 1736 1751 CTTCGGTTTAATCTCT 27 974 1157068 1647 1662 1847 1862 TACCACTCCCAATTAA 88 975 1157102 1955 1970 2155 2170 TCCAATACTTGTCTTA 32 976 1157136 2169 2184 2369 2384 AACCAACTTCCCCTTC 84 977 1157170 2311 2326 2511 2526 CGTTACGAAAGTCCTT 75 978 1157202 2375 2390 2575 2590 TCTTAACTCAAAGTCC 61 979 1157236 2496 2511 2696 2711 CATCAAACACTGGTTC 86 980 1157270 2580 2595 2780 2795 TCACCAAATCGCACTG 80 981 1157303 2695 2710 2895 2910 CCAAGCCAAGCCGCCT 95 982 1157337 2785 2800 2985 3000 ACCACTCGCTTTCCCT 65 983 1157371 2845 2860 3045 3060 AGGTTACCATAAGTAA 90 984 1157405 2926 2941 3126 3141 CCGGAAATCGGCCTAC 80 985 1157438 3014 3029 3214 3229 ACTATTTCTCCAGGAC 80 986 1157470 3145 3160 3345 3360 AATACTTCATTACCCC 55 987 1157504 3247 3262 3447 3462 ACTGAAAACTCCCCCC 103 988 1157537 3372 3387 3572 3587 TTATCCTGATATTGGA 112 989 1157570 3471 3486 3671 3686 GAGTAACTACCAGCCA 63 990 1157603 3647 3662 3847 3862 CTAACCCAGTTTGTCA 65 991 1157636 3732 3747 3932 3947 TCAACTGGGAATACTC 83 992 1157670 3897 3912 4097 4112 CTGCCAACTAATTGCC 132 993 1157703 3996 4011 4196 4211 CCATTCTAAGACTTTA 51 994 1157737 4112 4127 4312 4327 TACACCCAGTGGCTCA 70 995 1157770 4220 4235 4420 4435 GACCAACCCCCAGTTC 97 996 1157803 4352 4367 4552 4567 TGCAGTTTCTATAGTA 91 997 1157837 4518 4533 4717 4732 AGCATACCTTAACATC 81 998 1157870 4694 4709 4893 4908 GTTATGACTCAGAAGA 74 999 1157902 4786 4801 4985 5000 TGGAGGTATGACATAT 41 1000 1157936 4840 4855 5039 5054 GCAGATAATGTTCTCA 27 10 1157970 4931 4946 5130 5145 GGTTATAGCTTGACAA 22 9 1158004 5077 5092 5276 5291 CTCATTTATTTCGGCT 22 1001 1158036 5155 5170 5354 5369 GAAGAGATACCTGTCT 122 1002 1158070 5245 5260 5444 5459 GCAATACTGCAGATGC 119 1003 1158103 5335 5350 5534 5549 AAATCCCCTAGGGAAG 108 1004 1158135 5415 5430 5614 5629 TGTACTATCCCATCAC 49 1005 1158168 5525 5540 5724 5739 AGCCTTCAGAGATTCA 25 1006 1158202 5728 5743 5927 5942 CCAAGATTGCCCCAAC 86 1007 1158235 5794 5809 5993 6008 TCCTGATCTGGTCCAT 58 1008 1158267 5912 5927 6111 6126 ATTCCTTATTTAGAGG 111 1009 1158301 6012 6027 6211 6226 CTAATCACTGTCAATT 101 1010 1158335 6101 6116 6300 6315 GTCAATAGTGTAAAAC 67 1011 1158368 6240 6255 6439 6454 TACACTCACTAGAACA 97 1012 1158401 6382 6397 6581 6596 TGAAGTCAAGACAACT 99 1013 1158435 6456 6471 6655 6670 CGTTTCACAATGCATT 53 1014 1158467 6581 6596 6780 6795 AAATACGACTGCTTAA 78 1015 1158500 6755 6770 6954 6969 CACTTGCCAGTTTAAT 71 1016 1158531 6994 7009 7193 7208 TAGTCTGAAGAATACC 77 1017 1158564 7095 7110 7294 7309 GTCCCATAACTGATCT 65 1018 1158596 7237 7252 7436 7451 CCTTCGGTGCCTTTAG 88 1019 1158630 7332 7347 7531 7546 AATCAGGTGAGGCTGA 126 1020 1158663 7460 7475 7659 7674 TATTATTAAGAGCTGC 106 1021 1158697‡ 7552 7567 7751 7766 GCTTTTAACAGGCTTC 67 1022 1158731 7667 7682 7866 7881 ATGCCCACAAGGATCC 67 1023 1158765 7724 7739 7923 7938 TAGTTCAACCCACCAA 114 1024 1158797 7800 7815 7999 8014 TAATAGAGCTACTTAG 116 1025 1158830 7893 7908 8092 8107 AAGTTACATGTTCCCA 61 1026 1158897 8094 8109 8293 8308 CTGAGAAAACAATACG 92 1027 1158928 8268 8283 8467 8482 GAACTAGCACCTGCAG 96 1028 1158962 8349 8364 8548 8563 AGCTCCTGACAAATTA 85 1029 1158995 8496 8511 N/A N/A AATTTAGAGCTTCTCC 79 1030

TABLE 44 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: NO: NO: 1 NO: 1 2824 2824 Compound Start Stop Start Stop MALAT1 SEQ ID Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC 101 18  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 135 32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA 55 36  946404 2312 2327 2512 2527 CCGTTACGAAAGTCCT 33 1031  946410 4113 4128 4313 4328 GTACACCCAGTGGCTC 94 1032 1156462 25 40 N/A N/A CTTTACAGAAGTCTCG 78 1033 1156495 210 225 176 191 GGACAGCTAAGATAGC 78 1034 1156528 318 333 284 299 AACCGGAGCAGGAAGA 116 1035 1156562 419 434 385 400 CACCCAGAAGTGTTTA 104 1036 1156596 505 520 471 486 GTTCAAGTGGCCTTTT 78 1037 1156630 569 584 535 550 TACCGTTTTTCAGCTT 131 1038 1156664 627 642 593 608 TCTGATCTGCGGCCCC 118 1039 1156697 764 779 730 745 GAAATCGGAGCAGCAC 99 1040 1156731 847 862 813 828 AAAATGGCGGACTTTC 70 1041 1156765 909 924 875 890 CAGGGCTTTACTTTCC 98 1042 1156799 978 993 944 959 CTTGTGTTCTCTTGAG 87 1043 1156833 N/A N/A 1048 1063 AGCTGCAAACTTTAGA 74 1044 1156867 N/A N/A 1175 1190 AAAGTAGTTCTTCGGT 83 1045 1156901 1030 1045 1230 1245 ACAACTCGCATCACCG 312 1046 1156935 1095 1110 1295 1310 GCCCCTGCGCTGGCTG 88 1047 1156969 1208 1223 1408 1423 ATCTTAGTAACCTATT 83 1048 1157003 1418 1433 1618 1633 CTATTGGTATTAATTC 93 1049 1157036 1537 1552 1737 1752 CCTTCGGTTTAATCTC 39 1050 1157069 1649 1664 1849 1864 CCTACCACTCCCAATT 79 1051 1157103 1956 1971 2156 2171 CTCCAATACTTGTCTT 46 1052 1157137 2170 2185 2370 2385 TAACCAACTTCCCCTT 84 1053 1157203 2376 2391 2576 2591 ATCTTAACTCAAAGTC 61 1054 1157237 2497 2512 2697 2712 TCATCAAACACTGGTT 64 1055 1157271 2581 2596 2781 2796 TTCACCAAATCGCACT 71 1056 1157304 2696 2711 2896 2911 GCCAAGCCAAGCCGCC 86 1057 1157338 2786 2801 2986 3001 AACCACTCGCTTTCCC 59 1058 1157372 2846 2861 3046 3061 AAGGTTACCATAAGTA 54 1059 1157406 2927 2942 3127 3142 CCCGGAAATCGGCCTA 100 1060 1157439 3016 3031 3216 3231 CTACTATTTCTCCAGG 59 1061 1157471 3146 3161 3346 3361 AAATACTTCATTACCC 76 1062 1157505 3248 3263 3448 3463 TACTGAAAACTCCCCC 78 1063 1157538 3373 3388 3573 3588 ATTATCCTGATATTGG 54 1064 1157571 3472 3487 3672 3687 AGAGTAACTACCAGCC 45 1065 1157604 3648 3663 3848 3863 TCTAACCCAGTTTGTC 69 1066 1157637 3733 3748 3933 3948 TTCAACTGGGAATACT 83 1067 1157671 3899 3914 4099 4114 CACTGCCAACTAATTG 61 1068 1157704 4025 4040 4225 4240 ACTTGGAAGTTGATAT 96 1069 1157771 4221 4236 4421 4436 AGACCAACCCCCAGTT 100 1070 1157804 4353 4368 4553 4568 CTGCAGTTTCTATAGT 78 1071 1157838 4520 4535 4719 4734 GAAGCATACCTTAACA 95 1072 1157871 4695 4710 4894 4909 GGTTATGACTCAGAAG 42 1073 1157903 4787 4802 4986 5001 ATGGAGGTATGACATA 80 1074 1157937 4846 4861 5045 5060 GCATATGCAGATAATG 64 1075 1157971 4932 4947 5131 5146 TGGTTATAGCTTGACA 18 1076 1158005 5078 5093 5277 5292 TCTCATTTATTTCGGC 21 1077 1158037 5156 5171 5355 5370 CGAAGAGATACCTGTC 77 1078 1158071 5246 5261 5445 5460 TGCAATACTGCAGATG 80 1079 1158104 5336 5351 5535 5550 GAAATCCCCTAGGGAA 94 1080 1158136 5416 5431 5615 5630 GTGTACTATCCCATCA 52 1081 1158169 5534 5549 5733 5748 CTTTCATAGAGCCTTC 57 1082 1158203 5729 5744 5928 5943 CCCAAGATTGCCCCAA 107 1083 1158236 5796 5811 5995 6010 AATCCTGATCTGGTCC 54 1084 1158268 5929 5944 6128 6143 TGTCTAAGAGGTTATT 90 1085 1158302 6013 6028 6212 6227 TCTAATCACTGTCAAT 68 1086 1158336 6102 6117 6301 6316 GGTCAATAGTGTAAAA 57 1087 1158369 6243 6258 6442 6457 TCATACACTCACTAGA 122 1088 1158402 6383 6398 6582 6597 CTGAAGTCAAGACAAC 117 1089 1158436 6470 6485 6669 6684 AATCATACTCCAGTCG 65 1090 1158468 6583 6598 6782 6797 ACAAATACGACTGCTT 84 1091 1158501 6756 6771 6955 6970 CCACTTGCCAGTTTAA 71 1092 1158532 6997 7012 7196 7211 CTATAGTCTGAAGAAT 78 1093 1158565 7100 7115 7299 7314 CTATTGTCCCATAACT 62 1094 1158597 7238 7253 7437 7452 GCCTTCGGTGCCTTTA 102 1095 1158631 7354 7369 7553 7568 GCAAGTCCTCATTACT 50 1096 1158664 7466 7481 7665 7680 GGGCTTTATTATTAAG 124 1097 1158698‡ 7562 7577 7761 7776 GGGAGACCTTGCTTTT 79 1098 1158732 7674 7689 7873 7888 ATGGATCATGCCCACA 88 1099 1158766 7725 7740 7924 7939 ATAGTTCAACCCACCA 79 1100 1158798 7801 7816 8000 8015 ATAATAGAGCTACTTA 81 1101 1158831 7894 7909 8093 8108 CAAGTTACATGTTCCC 58 1102 1158864 8008 8023 8207 8222 GATGCTAGCTTGGCCA 102 1103 1158898 8164 8179 8363 8378 CAGGAGTGCCAACCAC 102 1104 1158929 8269 8284 8468 8483 AGAACTAGCACCTGCA 85 1105 1158963 8353 8368 8552 8567 GTCAAGCTCCTGACAA 67 1106 1158996 8497 8512 N/A N/A CAATTTAGAGCTTCTC 112 1107

TABLE 45 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ SEQ NO: NO: ID NO: ID NO: 2824 2824 Compound 1 Start 1 Stop Start Stop MALAT1 SEQ Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) ID No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC 106 18  556074 5797 5812 5996 6011 AAATCCTGATCTGGTC 73 1108  556090 6471 6486 6670 6685 TAATCATACTCCAGTC 103 1109  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 128 32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA 51 36  568476 5338 5353 5537 5552 CTGAAATCCCCTAGGG 70 1110 1156463 28 43 N/A N/A GTCCTTTACAGAAGTC 65 1111 1156496 213 228 179 194 TAAGGACAGCTAAGAT 76 1112 1156529 319 334 285 300 GAACCGGAGCAGGAAG 72 1113 1156563 421 436 387 402 CACACCCAGAAGTGTT 87 1114 1156597 507 522 473 488 GAGTTCAAGTGGCCTT 83 1115 1156631 571 586 537 552 TCTACCGTTTTTCAGC 74 1116 1156665 628 643 594 609 CTCTGATCTGCGGCCC 106 1117 1156698 765 780 731 746 AGAAATCGGAGCAGCA 91 1118 1156732 848 863 814 829 CAAAATGGCGGACTTT 83 1119 1156766 916 931 882 897 GATAGTTCAGGGCTTT 90 1120 1156800 990 1005 956 971 CTTAAAGCACTTCTTG 134 1121 1156834 N/A N/A 1054 1069 GATTTGAGCTGCAAAC 100 1122 1156868 N/A N/A 1176 1191 AAAAGTAGTTCTTCGG 82 1123 1156902 1031 1046 1231 1246 AACAACTCGCATCACC 83 1124 1156936 1098 1113 1298 1313 GAAGCCCCTGCGCTGG 77 1125 1156970 1209 1224 1409 1424 TATCTTAGTAACCTAT 79 1126 1157004 1421 1436 1621 1636 CTTCTATTGGTATTAA 82 1127 1157037 1539 1554 1739 1754 CACCTTCGGTTTAATC 80 1128 1157070 1650 1665 1850 1865 TCCTACCACTCCCAAT 70 1129 1157104 1962 1977 2162 2177 ATACTTCTCCAATACT 115 1130 1157138 2171 2186 2371 2386 TTAACCAACTTCCCCT 57 1131 1157171 2313 2328 2513 2528 TCCGTTACGAAAGTCC 36 1132 1157204 2401 2416 2601 2616 GCTAGTCCTCAGGATT 53 1133 1157238 2501 2516 2701 2716 AGCTTCATCAAACACT 97 1134 1157272 2582 2597 2782 2797 CTTCACCAAATCGCAC 113 1135 1157305 2697 2712 2897 2912 TGCCAAGCCAAGCCGC 87 1136 1157339 2788 2803 2988 3003 CCAACCACTCGCTTTC 74 1137 1157373 2847 2862 3047 3062 AAAGGTTACCATAAGT 95 1138 1157407 2928 2943 3128 3143 ACCCGGAAATCGGCCT 106 1139 1157440 3021 3036 3221 3236 GCCATCTACTATTTCT 62 1140 1157472 3167 3182 3367 3382 GGTCATCTATTCACAA 71 1141 1157506 3249 3264 3449 3464 ATACTGAAAACTCCCC 86 1142 1157539 3374 3389 3574 3589 GATTATCCTGATATTG 96 1143 1157572 3473 3488 3673 3688 AAGAGTAACTACCAGC 94 1144 1157605 3649 3664 3849 3864 CTCTAACCCAGTTTGT 64 1145 1157638 3734 3749 3934 3949 CTTCAACTGGGAATAC 93 1146 1157672 3907 3922 4107 4122 TAACAGGCCACTGCCA 89 1147 1157705 4026 4041 4226 4241 AACTTGGAAGTTGATA 81 1148 1157738 4115 4130 4315 4330 TGGTACACCCAGTGGC 83 1149 1157772 4222 4237 4422 4437 CAGACCAACCCCCAGT 107 1150 1157805 4355 4370 4555 4570 CTCTGCAGTTTCTATA 69 1151 1157839 4521 4536 4720 4735 TGAAGCATACCTTAAC 69 1152 1157872 4696 4711 4895 4910 TGGTTATGACTCAGAA 52 1153 1157904 4788 4803 4987 5002 AATGGAGGTATGACAT 95 1154 1157938 4848 4863 5047 5062 TGGCATATGCAGATAA 31 1155 1157972 4933 4948 5132 5147 GTGGTTATAGCTTGAC 21 1156 1158006 5079 5094 5278 5293 CTCTCATTTATTTCGG 41 1157 1158038 5157 5172 5356 5371 ACGAAGAGATACCTGT 82 1158 1158072 5247 5262 5446 5461 ATGCAATACTGCAGAT 99 1159 1158137 5417 5432 5616 5631 AGTGTACTATCCCATC 22 1160 1158170 5535 5550 5734 5749 CCTTTCATAGAGCCTT 31 1161 1158204 5731 5746 5930 5945 CCCCCAAGATTGCCCC 89 1162 1158269 5930 5945 6129 6144 CTGTCTAAGAGGTTAT 93 1163 1158303 6014 6029 6213 6228 CTCTAATCACTGTCAA 89 1164 1158337 6103 6118 6302 6317 AGGTCAATAGTGTAAA 43 1165 1158370 6244 6259 6443 6458 CTCATACACTCACTAG 100 1166 1158403 6384 6399 6583 6598 CCTGAAGTCAAGACAA 100 1167 1158469 6584 6599 6783 6798 CACAAATACGACTGCT 76 1168 1158502 6776 6791 6975 6990 ACTGAACTGTTTAAAC 94 1169 1158533 6998 7013 7197 7212 TCTATAGTCTGAAGAA 74 1170 1158566 7102 7117 7301 7316 TACTATTGTCCCATAA 78 1171 1158598 7239 7254 7438 7453 AGCCTTCGGTGCCTTT 95 1172 1158632 7356 7371 7555 7570 AGGCAAGTCCTCATTA 84 1173 1158665 7471 7486 7670 7685 GATTTGGGCTTTATTA 77 1174 1158699‡ 7577 7592 7776 7791 GAGAAGTTGCTTGTGG 45 1175 1158733 7675 7690 7874 7889 TATGGATCATGCCCAC 73 1176 1158767 7726 7741 7925 7940 CATAGTTCAACCCACC 65 1177 1158799 7802 7817 8001 8016 TATAATAGAGCTACTT 85 1178 1158832 7895 7910 8094 8109 ACAAGTTACATGTTCC 79 1179 1158865 8010 8025 8209 8224 AAGATGCTAGCTTGGC 76 1180 1158899 8165 8180 8364 8379 CCAGGAGTGCCAACCA 95 1181 1158930 8270 8285 8469 8484 AAGAACTAGCACCTGC 87 1182 1158964 8354 8369 8553 8568 AGTCAAGCTCCTGACA 87 1183 1158997 8500 8515 N/A N/A CAACAATTTAGAGCTT 88 1184

TABLE 46 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: NO: NO: 1 NO: 1 2824 2824 Compound Start Stop Start Stop MALAT1 SEQ Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) ID No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC 104 18  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 104 32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA 60 36  567936 5248 5263 5447 5462 CATGCAATACTGCAGA 85 1185  946414 5339 5354 5538 5553 CCTGAAATCCCCTAGG 104 1186 1156464 30 45 N/A N/A CAGTCCTTTACAGAAG 88 1187 1156497 214 229 180 195 ATAAGGACAGCTAAGA 92 1188 1156530 320 335 286 301 TGAACCGGAGCAGGAA 95 1189 1156564 429 444 395 410 GTCAGGGACACACCCA 111 1190 1156598 508 523 474 489 CGAGTTCAAGTGGCCT 82 1191 1156632 572 587 538 553 TTCTACCGTTTTTCAG 90 1192 1156666 629 644 595 610 ACTCTGATCTGCGGCC 87 1193 1156699 766 781 732 747 GAGAAATCGGAGCAGC 85 1194 1156733 849 864 815 830 GCAAAATGGCGGACTT 104 1195 1156767 917 932 883 898 TGATAGTTCAGGGCTT 91 1196 1156801 N/A N/A 960 975 ACCTCTTAAAGCACTT 82 1197 1156835 N/A N/A 1055 1070 AGATTTGAGCTGCAAA 89 1198 1156869 N/A N/A 1177 1192 AAAAAGTAGTTCTTCG 84 1199 1156903 1032 1047 1232 1247 GAACAACTCGCATCAC 85 1200 1156937 1100 1115 1300 1315 CAGAAGCCCCTGCGCT 97 1201 1156971 1210 1225 1410 1425 ATATCTTAGTAACCTA 85 1202 1157005 1422 1437 1622 1637 CCTTCTATTGGTATTA 72 1203 1157038 1540 1555 1740 1755 TCACCTTCGGTTTAAT 72 1204 1157071 1651 1666 1851 1866 ATCCTACCACTCCCAA 66 1205 1157105 1963 1978 2163 2178 TATACTTCTCCAATAC 82 1206 1157139 2181 2196 2381 2396 GATGTGATTTTTAACC 48 1207 1157172 2314 2329 2514 2529 TTCCGTTACGAAAGTC 67 1208 1157205 2402 2417 2602 2617 TGCTAGTCCTCAGGAT 81 1209 1157239 2504 2519 2704 2719 CCTAGCTTCATCAAAC 102 1210 1157273 2584 2599 2784 2799 TCCTTCACCAAATCGC 64 1211 1157306 2704 2719 2904 2919 GTGTGGTTGCCAAGCC 57 1212 1157340 2790 2805 2990 3005 TACCAACCACTCGCTT 99 1213 1157374 2870 2885 3070 3085 CCCATTATATTAGAAA 90 1214 1157408 2929 2944 3129 3144 CACCCGGAAATCGGCC 101 1215 1157441 3022 3037 3222 3237 TGCCATCTACTATTTC 81 1216 1157473 3168 3183 3368 3383 AGGTCATCTATTCACA 61 1217 1157507 3278 3293 3478 3493 ATATTTTGCCCCCACC 98 1218 1157540 3376 3391 3576 3591 CTGATTATCCTGATAT 67 1219 1157573 3474 3489 3674 3689 AAAGAGTAACTACCAG 78 1220 1157606 3650 3665 3850 3865 TCTCTAACCCAGTTTG 84 1221 1157639 3736 3751 3936 3951 AGCTTCAACTGGGAAT 87 1222 1157673 3908 3923 4108 4123 GTAACAGGCCACTGCC 86 1223 1157706 4027 4042 4227 4242 CAACTTGGAAGTTGAT 90 1224 1157739 4116 4131 4316 4331 CTGGTACACCCAGTGG 96 1225 1157773 4225 4240 4425 4440 GGCCAGACCAACCCCC 97 1226 1157806 4375 4390 4575 4590 TCATTAAGCCACTTCC 81 1227 1157840 4522 4537 4721 4736 TTGAAGCATACCTTAA 72 1228 1157873 4697 4712 4896 4911 CTGGTTATGACTCAGA 99 1229 1157905 4790 4805 4989 5004 CCAATGGAGGTATGAC 54 1230 1157939 4850 4865 5049 5064 TTTGGCATATGCAGAT 76 1231 1157973 4935 4950 5134 5149 TTGTGGTTATAGCTTG 32 1232 1158007 5093 5108 5292 5307 TGATCCCAACTCATCT 86 1233 1158039 5158 5173 5357 5372 AACGAAGAGATACCTG 88 1234 1158138 5418 5433 5617 5632 AAGTGTACTATCCCAT 49 1235 1158171 5536 5551 5735 5750 TCCTTTCATAGAGCCT 44 1236 1158205 5732 5747 5931 5946 CCCCCCAAGATTGCCC 86 1237 1158237 5798 5813 5997 6012 CAAATCCTGATCTGGT 76 1238 1158270‡ 5931 5946 6130 6145 CCTGTCTAAGAGGTTA 79 1239 1158304 6015 6030 6214 6229 ACTCTAATCACTGTCA 65 1240 1158338 6105 6120 6304 6319 TAAGGTCAATAGTGTA 59 1241 1158371 6245 6260 6444 6459 TCTCATACACTCACTA 89 1242 1158404 6386 6401 6585 6600 GACCTGAAGTCAAGAC 101 1243 1158437 6472 6487 6671 6686 TTAATCATACTCCAGT 81 1244 1158470 6585 6600 6784 6799 TCACAAATACGACTGC 77 1245 1158503 6788 6803 6987 7002 GCACTAAAGATCACTG 77 1246 1158534 6999 7014 7198 7213 TTCTATAGTCTGAAGA 86 1247 1158567 7103 7118 7302 7317 ATACTATTGTCCCATA 69 1248 1158599 7241 7256 7440 7455 TAAGCCTTCGGTGCCT 96 1249 1158633 7357 7372 7556 7571 GAGGCAAGTCCTCATT 89 1250 1158666 7473 7488 7672 7687 GAGATTTGGGCTTTAT 66 1251 1158700‡ 7578 7593 7777 7792 AGAGAAGTTGCTTGTG 67 1252 1158734 7676 7691 7875 7890 TTATGGATCATGCCCA 72 1253 1158768 7727 7742 7926 7941 ACATAGTTCAACCCAC 82 1254 1158800 7803 7818 8002 8017 TTATAATAGAGCTACT 96 1255 1158833 7896 7911 8095 8110 TACAAGTTACATGTTC 80 1256 1158866 8011 8026 8210 8225 TAAGATGCTAGCTTGG 75 1257 1158900 8166 8181 8365 8380 ACCAGGAGTGCCAACC 92 1258 1158931 8271 8286 8470 8485 CAAGAACTAGCACCTG 93 1259 1158965 8355 8370 8554 8569 AAGTCAAGCTCCTGAC 96 1260 1158998 8501 8516 N/A N/A ACAACAATTTAGAGCT 89 1261

TABLE 47 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ NO: NO: NO: 1 ID NO: 2824 2824 SEQ Compound Start 1 Stop Start Stop MALAT1 ID Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC 105 18  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 137 32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA 54 36  568469 4523 4538 4722 4737 TTTGAAGCATACCTTA 101 1262 1156465 33 48 N/A N/A CCCCAGTCCTTTACAG 91 1263 1156498 215 230 181 196 TATAAGGACAGCTAAG 79 1264 1156531 321 336 287 302 CTGAACCGGAGCAGGA 113 1265 1156565 430 445 396 411 AGTCAGGGACACACCC 116 1266 1156599 509 524 475 490 GCGAGTTCAAGTGGCC 105 1267 1156633 577 592 543 558 AATTTTTCTACCGTTT 89 1268 1156667 630 645 596 611 CACTCTGATCTGCGGC 128 1269 1156700 767 782 733 748 CGAGAAATCGGAGCAG 78 1270 1156734 850 865 816 831 GGCAAAATGGCGGACT 114 1271 1156768 919 934 885 900 TGTGATAGTTCAGGGC 112 1272 1156802 N/A N/A 961 976 TACCTCTTAAAGCACT 117 1273 1156836 N/A N/A 1056 1071 AAGATTTGAGCTGCAA 101 1274 1156870 N/A N/A 1178 1193 CAAAAAGTAGTTCTTC 118 1275 1156904 1033 1048 1233 1248 AGAACAACTCGCATCA 88 1276 1156938 1102 1117 1302 1317 AGCAGAAGCCCCTGCG 101 1277 1156972 1211 1226 1411 1426 AATATCTTAGTAACCT 81 1278 1157006 1423 1438 1623 1638 CCCTTCTATTGGTATT 93 1279 1157039 1541 1556 1741 1756 ATCACCTTCGGTTTAA 60 1280 1157072 1653 1668 1853 1868 TCATCCTACCACTCCC 66 1281 1157106 1964 1979 2164 2179 CTATACTTCTCCAATA 113 1282 1157140 2193 2208 2393 2408 TAGTAGCTTTTTGATG 69 1283 1157173 2316 2331 2516 2531 ACTTCCGTTACGAAAG 99 1284 1157206 2403 2418 2603 2618 ATGCTAGTCCTCAGGA 120 1285 1157240 2505 2520 2705 2720 TCCTAGCTTCATCAAA 93 1286 1157274 2589 2604 2789 2804 TAGCTTCCTTCACCAA 101 1287 1157307 2705 2720 2905 2920 CGTGTGGTTGCCAAGC 55 1288 1157341 2791 2806 2991 3006 TTACCAACCACTCGCT 98 1289 1157375 2871 2886 3071 3086 CCCCATTATATTAGAA 106 1290 1157409 2930 2945 3130 3145 ACACCCGGAAATCGGC 92 1291 1157442 3026 3041 3226 3241 AACTTGCCATCTACTA 118 1292 1157474 3169 3184 3369 3384 CAGGTCATCTATTCAC 49 1293 1157508 3279 3294 3479 3494 CATATTTTGCCCCCAC 85 1294 1157541 3377 3392 3577 3592 TCTGATTATCCTGATA 89 1295 1157574 3503 3518 3703 3718 TAAAGTCTGATTAAGG 96 1296 1157607 3652 3667 3852 3867 CTTCTCTAACCCAGTT 85 1297 1157640 3757 3772 3957 3972 CTGCACTGTGCTGTAC 105 1298 1157674 3909 3924 4109 4124 CGTAACAGGCCACTGC 98 1299 1157707 4028 4043 4228 4243 CCAACTTGGAAGTTGA 69 1300 1157740 4117 4132 4317 4332 ACTGGTACACCCAGTG 108 1301 1157774 4229 4244 4429 4444 AGTAGGCCAGACCAAC 96 1302 1157807 4376 4391 4576 4591 ATCATTAAGCCACTTC 47 1303 1157874 4698 4713 4897 4912 GCTGGTTATGACTCAG 91 1304 1157906 4791 4806 4990 5005 CCCAATGGAGGTATGA 77 1305 1157940 4876 4891 5075 5090 TGGTAGCTTTCATTTG 26 1306 1157974 4938 4953 5137 5152 TTTTTGTGGTTATAGC 25 1307 1158008 5094 5109 5293 5308 TTGATCCCAACTCATC 67 1308 1158040 5159 5174 5358 5373 TAACGAAGAGATACCT 78 1309 1158073 5249 5264 5448 5463 ACATGCAATACTGCAG 97 1310 1158105 5340 5355 5539 5554 TCCTGAAATCCCCTAG 112 1311 1158139 5419 5434 5618 5633 GAAGTGTACTATCCCA 28 1312 1158172 5537 5552 5736 5751 TTCCTTTCATAGAGCC 30 1313 1158206 5733 5748 5932 5947 CCCCCCCAAGATTGCC 116 1314 1158238 5799 5814 5998 6013 TCAAATCCTGATCTGG 82 1315 1158271‡ 5932 5947 6131 6146 ACCTGTCTAAGAGGTT 109 1316 1158305 6016 6031 6215 6230 TACTCTAATCACTGTC 85 1317 1158339 6106 6121 6305 6320 ATAAGGTCAATAGTGT 62 1318 1158372 6246 6261 6445 6460 GTCTCATACACTCACT 104 1319 1158405 6388 6403 6587 6602 CAGACCTGAAGTCAAG 86 1320 1158438 6473 6488 6672 6687 TTTAATCATACTCCAG 76 1321 1158471 6586 6601 6785 6800 ATCACAAATACGACTG 66 1322 1158504 6789 6804 6988 7003 TGCACTAAAGATCACT 63 1323 1158535 7000 7015 7199 7214 CTTCTATAGTCTGAAG 82 1324 1158568 7105 7120 7304 7319 CAATACTATTGTCCCA 53 1325 1158600 7243 7258 7442 7457 TTTAAGCCTTCGGTGC 87 1326 1158634 7358 7373 7557 7572 TGAGGCAAGTCCTCAT 95 1327 1158667 7476 7491 7675 7690 CTTGAGATTTGGGCTT 88 1328 1158701‡ 7580 7595 7779 7794 GCAGAGAAGTTGCTTG 98 1329 1158735 7677 7692 7876 7891 ATTATGGATCATGCCC 83 1330 1158769 7728 7743 7927 7942 AACATAGTTCAACCCA 88 1331 1158801 7806 7821 8005 8020 GTATTATAATAGAGCT 96 1332 1158834 7897 7912 8096 8111 CTACAAGTTACATGTT 109 1333 1158867 8012 8027 8211 8226 CTAAGATGCTAGCTTG 126 1334 1158901 8167 8182 8366 8381 AACCAGGAGTGCCAAC 123 1335 1158932 8272 8287 8471 8486 CCAAGAACTAGCACCT 122 1336 1158966 8357 8372 8556 8571 TCAAGTCAAGCTCCTG 97 1337 1158999 8502 8517 N/A N/A CACAACAATTTAGAGC 117 1338

TABLE 48 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ NO: NO: NO: 1 ID NO: 2824 2824 SEQ Compound Start 1 Stop Start Stop MALAT1 ID Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC 85 18  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 112 32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA 60 36 1156466 34 49 N/A N/A GCCCCAGTCCTTTACA 97 1339 1156499 216 231 182 197 CTATAAGGACAGCTAA 96 1340 1156532 322 337 288 303 TCTGAACCGGAGCAGG 81 1341 1156566 434 449 400 415 AGCCAGTCAGGGACAC 103 1342 1156600 510 525 476 491 AGCGAGTTCAAGTGGC 73 1343 1156634 578 593 544 559 AAATTTTTCTACCGTT 103 1344 1156668 633 648 599 614 GCCCACTCTGATCTGC 104 1345 1156701 769 784 735 750 TTCGAGAAATCGGAGC 111 1346 1156735 851 866 817 832 TGGCAAAATGGCGGAC 81 1347 1156769 920 935 886 901 GTGTGATAGTTCAGGG 92 1348 1156803 N/A N/A 976 991 CCGGAACTTTTAAAAT 87 1349 1156837 N/A N/A 1057 1072 AAAGATTTGAGCTGCA 104 1350 1156871 N/A N/A 1180 1195 GGCAAAAAGTAGTTCT 69 1351 1156905 1034 1049 1234 1249 GAGAACAACTCGCATC 80 1352 1156939 1110 1125 1310 1325 GCCCCCTCAGCAGAAG 75 1353 1156973 1212 1227 1412 1427 CAATATCTTAGTAACC 71 1354 1157007 1424 1439 1624 1639 GCCCTTCTATTGGTAT 103 1355 1157040 1542 1557 1742 1757 AATCACCTTCGGTTTA 101 1356 1157073 1655 1670 1855 1870 TTTCATCCTACCACTC 73 1357 1157107 1971 1986 2171 2186 CTATCTTCTATACTTC 76 1358 1157141 2194 2209 2394 2409 TTAGTAGCTTTTTGAT 61 1359 1157174 2318 2333 2518 2533 TTACTTCCGTTACGAA 108 1360 1157207 2404 2419 2604 2619 AATGCTAGTCCTCAGG 43 1361 1157241 2506 2521 2706 2721 GTCCTAGCTTCATCAA 82 1362 1157275 2591 2606 2791 2806 CCTAGCTTCCTTCACC 83 1363 1157308 2708 2723 2908 2923 CTCCGTGTGGTTGCCA 76 1364 1157342 2792 2807 2992 3007 TTTACCAACCACTCGC 82 1365 1157376 2872 2887 3072 3087 CCCCCATTATATTAGA 72 1366 1157410 2931 2946 3131 3146 AACACCCGGAAATCGG 74 1367 1157443 3027 3042 3227 3242 AAACTTGCCATCTACT 104 1368 1157475 3171 3186 3371 3386 AACAGGTCATCTATTC 67 1369 1157509 3280 3295 3480 3495 ACATATTTTGCCCCCA 81 1370 1157542 3378 3393 3578 3593 GTCTGATTATCCTGAT 67 1371 1157575 3510 3525 3710 3725 GCACTTTTAAAGTCTG 26 1372 1157608 3659 3674 3859 3874 TACACTCCTTCTCTAA 118 1373 1157641 3764 3779 3964 3979 ACCAAAGCTGCACTGT 85 1374 1157675 3910 3925 4110 4125 CCGTAACAGGCCACTG 70 1375 1157708 4029 4044 4229 4244 GCCAACTTGGAAGTTG 119 1376 1157741 4118 4133 4318 4333 CACTGGTACACCCAGT 85 1377 1157775 4230 4245 4430 4445 CAGTAGGCCAGACCAA 86 1378 1157808 4377 4392 4577 4592 GATCATTAAGCCACTT 90 1379 1157841 4526 4541 4725 4740 ATTTTTGAAGCATACC 59 1380 1157875 4699 4714 4898 4913 GGCTGGTTATGACTCA 60 1381 1157907 4792 4807 4991 5006 CCCCAATGGAGGTATG 63 1382 1157941 4878 4893 5077 5092 ATTGGTAGCTTTCATT 30 1383 1157975 4970 4985 5169 5184 GCCTCTTCATTGTATT 90 1384 1158009 5095 5110 5294 5309 CTTGATCCCAACTCAT 89 1385 1158041 5160 5175 5359 5374 ATAACGAAGAGATACC 94 1386 1158074 5251 5266 5450 5465 TAACATGCAATACTGC 82 1387 1158106 5341 5356 5540 5555 ATCCTGAAATCCCCTA 92 1388 1158140 5420 5435 5619 5634 TGAAGTGTACTATCCC 28 1389 1158173 5539 5554 5738 5753 TATTCCTTTCATAGAG 89 1390 1158207 5734 5749 5933 5948 TCCCCCCCAAGATTGC 103 1391 1158239 5800 5815 5999 6014 CTCAAATCCTGATCTG 63 1392 1158272‡ 5936 5951 6135 6150 TCCCACCTGTCTAAGA 96 1393 1158306 6017 6032 6216 6231 TTACTCTAATCACTGT 67 1394 1158340 6107 6122 6306 6321 TATAAGGTCAATAGTG 62 1395 1158373 6251 6266 6450 6465 GCAAGGTCTCATACAC 52 1396 1158406 6407 6422 6606 6621 TACTTGCCAACAGAAC 81 1397 1158439 6475 6490 6674 6689 CTTTTAATCATACTCC 84 1398 1158472 6587 6602 6786 6801 AATCACAAATACGACT 77 1399 1158505 6790 6805 6989 7004 ATGCACTAAAGATCAC 66 1400 1158536 7002 7017 7201 7216 TCCTTCTATAGTCTGA 86 1401 1158569 7106 7121 7305 7320 TCAATACTATTGTCCC 34 1402 1158601 7244 7259 7443 7458 CTTTAAGCCTTCGGTG 103 1403 1158635 7359 7374 7558 7573 TTGAGGCAAGTCCTCA 97 1404 1158668 7478 7493 7677 7692 CGCTTGAGATTTGGGC 67 1405 1158702‡ 7583 7598 7782 7797 GTGGCAGAGAAGTTGC 83 1406 1158736 7678 7693 7877 7892 GATTATGGATCATGCC 53 1407 1158770 7729 7744 7928 7943 TAACATAGTTCAACCC 83 1408 1158802 7807 7822 8006 8021 AGTATTATAATAGAGC 80 1409 1158835 7898 7913 8097 8112 TCTACAAGTTACATGT 77 1410 1158868 8013 8028 8212 8227 GCTAAGATGCTAGCTT 90 1411 1158902 8169 8184 8368 8383 GAAACCAGGAGTGCCA 96 1412 1158933 8273 8288 8472 8487 TCCAAGAACTAGCACC 105 1413 1158967 8358 8373 8557 8572 ATCAAGTCAAGCTCCT 89 1414 1159000 8503 8518 N/A N/A CCACAACAATTTAGAG 127 1415

TABLE 49 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ NO: NO: NO: 1 ID NO: 2824 2824 Compound Start 1 Stop Start Stop MALAT1 SEQ Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) ID No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC 110 18  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 134 32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA 60 36  568454 3028 3043 3228 3243 CAAACTTGCCATCTAC 89 1416  568459 3516 3531 3716 3731 GGTTAAGCACTTTTAA 62 1417 1156467 52 67 18 33 GGAGAGGCCAGTTGCG 110 1418 1156500 217 232 183 198 CCTATAAGGACAGCTA 85 1419 1156533 323 338 289 304 TTCTGAACCGGAGCAG 77 1420 1156567 443 458 409 424 ACCTTGGGCAGCCAGT 104 1421 1156601 511 526 477 492 AAGCGAGTTCAAGTGG 85 1422 1156635 580 595 546 561 GGAAATTTTTCTACCG 92 1423 1156669 640 655 606 621 GCCAGTGGCCCACTCT 108 1424 1156702 770 785 736 751 GTTCGAGAAATCGGAG 85 1425 1156736 852 867 818 833 GTGGCAAAATGGCGGA 79 1426 1156770 921 936 887 902 AGTGTGATAGTTCAGG 93 1427 1156804 N/A N/A 977 992 CCCGGAACTTTTAAAA 107 1428 1156838 N/A N/A 1058 1073 GAAAGATTTGAGCTGC 110 1429 1156872 N/A N/A 1183 1198 GGAGGCAAAAAGTAGT 91 1430 1156906 1035 1050 1235 1250 GGAGAACAACTCGCAT 83 1431 1156940 1126 1141 1326 1341 TCCTCAAGCTCCGCCT 77 1432 1156974 1213 1228 1413 1428 GCAATATCTTAGTAAC 77 1433 1157008 1426 1441 1626 1641 TTGCCCTTCTATTGGT 89 1434 1157041 1544 1559 1744 1759 TTAATCACCTTCGGTT 73 1435 1157074 1659 1674 1859 1874 ATTGTTTCATCCTACC 78 1436 1157108 2008 2023 2208 2223 CAGTGCTATTTTATCC 22 1437 1157142 2200 2215 2400 2415 GTCCTTTTAGTAGCTT 50 1438 1157175 2319 2334 2519 2534 ATTACTTCCGTTACGA 57 1439 1157208 2405 2420 2605 2620 TAATGCTAGTCCTCAG 62 1440 1157242 2507 2522 2707 2722 AGTCCTAGCTTCATCA 73 1441 1157276 2631 2646 2831 2846 CCTAGCTTCACCACCA 67 1442 1157309 2710 2725 2910 2925 TCCTCCGTGTGGTTGC 82 1443 1157343 2793 2808 2993 3008 TTTTACCAACCACTCG 69 1444 1157377 2873 2888 3073 3088 TCCCCCATTATATTAG 86 1445 1157411 2932 2947 3132 3147 CAACACCCGGAAATCG 82 1446 1157476 3176 3191 3376 3391 GTAAAAACAGGTCATC 79 1447 1157510 3281 3296 3481 3496 AACATATTTTGCCCCC 78 1448 1157543 3386 3401 3586 3601 CTGTGGTGGTCTGATT 67 1449 1157609 3660 3675 3860 3875 GTACACTCCTTCTCTA 83 1450 1157642 3767 3782 3967 3982 TGAACCAAAGCTGCAC 98 1451 1157676 3911 3926 4111 4126 ACCGTAACAGGCCACT 80 1452 1157709 4030 4045 4230 4245 TGCCAACTTGGAAGTT 68 1453 1157742 4119 4134 4319 4334 GCACTGGTACACCCAG 109 1454 1157776 4231 4246 4431 4446 CCAGTAGGCCAGACCA 87 1455 1157809 4378 4393 4578 4593 GGATCATTAAGCCACT 85 1456 1157842 4580 4595 4779 4794 TCTTAATCAGTTACAA 91 1457 1157876 4701 4716 4900 4915 CAGGCTGGTTATGACT 74 1458 1157908 4793 4808 4992 5007 TCCCCAATGGAGGTAT 91 1459 1157942 4879 4894 5078 5093 AATTGGTAGCTTTCAT 36 1460 1157976 4974 4989 5173 5188 CATTGCCTCTTCATTG 64 1461 1158010 5097 5112 5296 5311 CACTTGATCCCAACTC 56 1462 1158042 5161 5176 5360 5375 GATAACGAAGAGATAC 81 1463 1158075 5252 5267 5451 5466 CTAACATGCAATACTG 99 1464 1158107 5343 5358 5542 5557 CAATCCTGAAATCCCC 84 1465 1158141 5422 5437 5621 5636 AGTGAAGTGTACTATC 56 1466 1158174 5540 5555 5739 5754 CTATTCCTTTCATAGA 111 1467 1158208 5735 5750 5934 5949 ATCCCCCCCAAGATTG 95 1468 1158240 5802 5817 6001 6016 CGCTCAAATCCTGATC 77 1469 1158273 5938 5953 6137 6152 TCTCCCACCTGTCTAA 77 1470 1158307 6018 6033 6217 6232 ATTACTCTAATCACTG 72 1471 1158341 6108 6123 6307 6322 ATATAAGGTCAATAGT 84 1472 1158374 6252 6267 6451 6466 TGCAAGGTCTCATACA 68 1473 1158407 6409 6424 6608 6623 TTTACTTGCCAACAGA 73 1474 1158440 6476 6491 6675 6690 ACTTTTAATCATACTC 79 1475 1158473 6588 6603 6787 6802 CAATCACAAATACGAC 82 1476 1158506 6792 6807 6991 7006 CAATGCACTAAAGATC 90 1477 1158537 7009 7024 7208 7223 TGGAAGCTCCTTCTAT 119 1478 1158570 7107 7122 7306 7321 TTCAATACTATTGTCC 42 1479 1158602 7245 7260 7444 7459 ACTTTAAGCCTTCGGT 87 1480 1158636 7360 7375 7559 7574 GTTGAGGCAAGTCCTC 97 1481 1158669 7479 7494 7678 7693 CCGCTTGAGATTTGGG 72 1482 1158703# 7590 7605 7789 7804 TGGCGATGTGGCAGAG 65 1483 1158737 7679 7694 7878 7893 CGATTATGGATCATGC 56 1484 1158771 7730 7745 7929 7944 CTAACATAGTTCAACC 84 1485 1158803 7814 7829 8013 8028 CTGGATAAGTATTATA 72 1486 1158836 7899 7914 8098 8113 GTCTACAAGTTACATG 87 1487 1158869 8014 8029 8213 8228 CGCTAAGATGCTAGCT 106 1488 1158903 8171 8186 8370 8385 TGGAAACCAGGAGTGC 86 1489 1158934 8275 8290 8474 8489 ACTCCAAGAACTAGCA 89 1490 1158968 8359 8374 8558 8573 AATCAAGTCAAGCTCC 86 1491 1159001 8504 8519 N/A N/A ACCACAACAATTTAGA 110 1492

TABLE 50 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ NO: NO: NO: 1 ID NO: 2824 2824 Compound Start 1 Stop Start Stop MALAT1 SEQ Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) ID No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC 87 18  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 119 32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA 36 36 1156468 64 79 30 45 CTTAAGAGGGCAGGAG 104 1493 1156501 218 233 184 199 GCCTATAAGGACAGCT 89 1494 1156534 324 339 290 305 CTTCTGAACCGGAGCA 127 1495 1156568 456 471 422 437 CGAAGACACAGAGACC 90 1496 1156602 512 527 478 493 AAAGCGAGTTCAAGTG 112 1497 1156636 581 596 547 562 CGGAAATTTTTCTACC 92 1498 1156670 649 664 615 630 CCGTTGGCTGCCAGTG 94 1499 1156703 771 786 737 752 TGTTCGAGAAATCGGA 83 1500 1156737 860 875 826 841 GTTGAGAAGTGGCAAA 80 1501 1156771 924 939 890 905 TAAAGTGTGATAGTTC 86 1502 1156805 N/A N/A 978 993 CCCCGGAACTTTTAAA 77 1503 1156839 N/A N/A 1061 1076 GTGGAAAGATTTGAGC 83 1504 1156873 N/A N/A 1190 1205 TTGTGAGGGAGGCAAA 80 1505 1156907 1036 1051 1236 1251 CGGAGAACAACTCGCA 104 1506 1156941 1128 1143 1328 1343 TTTCCTCAAGCTCCGC 46 1507 1156975 1216 1231 1416 1431 TAAGCAATATCTTAGT 84 1508 1157009 1429 1444 1629 1644 GCATTGCCCTTCTATT 30 1509 1157042 1545 1560 1745 1760 TTTAATCACCTTCGGT 34 1510 1157075 1663 1678 1863 1878 CCAAATTGTTTCATCC 37 1511 1157109 2009 2024 2209 2224 TCAGTGCTATTTTATC 26 1512 1157143 2202 2217 2402 2417 CAGTCCTTTTAGTAGC 43 1513 1157176 2320 2335 2520 2535 AATTACTTCCGTTACG 57 1514 1157209 2406 2421 2606 2621 TTAATGCTAGTCCTCA 61 1515 1157243 2508 2523 2708 2723 CAGTCCTAGCTTCATC 91 1516 1157277 2632 2647 2832 2847 TCCTAGCTTCACCACC 56 1517 1157310 2712 2727 2912 2927 CCTCCTCCGTGTGGTT 68 1518 1157344 2794 2809 2994 3009 TTTTTACCAACCACTC 74 1519 1157378 2874 2889 3074 3089 CTCCCCCATTATATTA 69 1520 1157412 2934 2949 3134 3149 TACAACACCCGGAAAT 84 1521 1157444 3029 3044 3229 3244 ACAAACTTGCCATCTA 61 1522 1157477 3189 3204 3389 3404 TCAGGGTGAGGAAGTA 50 1523 1157511 3308 3323 3508 3523 GACAGACCTAAGGGAA 66 1524 1157544 3387 3402 3587 3602 CCTGTGGTGGTCTGAT 46 1525 1157576 3517 3532 3717 3732 GGGTTAAGCACTTTTA 43 1526 1157610 3662 3677 3862 3877 CGGTACACTCCTTCTC 60 1527 1157643 3769 3784 3969 3984 TATGAACCAAAGCTGC 93 1528 1157677 3912 3927 4112 4127 AACCGTAACAGGCCAC 50 1529 1157710 4034 4049 4234 4249 TACTTGCCAACTTGGA 49 1530 1157743 4121 4136 4321 4336 ATGCACTGGTACACCC 76 1531 1157777 4233 4248 4433 4448 GCCCAGTAGGCCAGAC 75 1532 1157810 4380 4395 4580 4595 CAGGATCATTAAGCCA 58 1533 1157843 4586 4601 4785 4800 CACAATTCTTAATCAG 59 1534 1157877 4702 4717 4901 4916 CCAGGCTGGTTATGAC 56 1535 1157909 4795 4810 4994 5009 ATTCCCCAATGGAGGT 64 1536 1157943 4881 4896 5080 5095 TAAATTGGTAGCTTTC 26 1537 1157977 4977 4992 5176 5191 GGACATTGCCTCTTCA 46 1538 1158011 5098 5113 5297 5312 CCACTTGATCCCAACT 53 1539 1158043 5162 5177 5361 5376 TGATAACGAAGAGATA 85 1540 1158076 5253 5268 5452 5467 CCTAACATGCAATACT 88 1541 1158108 5360 5375 5559 5574 TCGATGGAAAAATTTC 70 1542 1158142 5423 5438 5622 5637 GAGTGAAGTGTACTAT 38 1543 1158175 5541 5556 5740 5755 GCTATTCCTTTCATAG 34 1544 1158209 5736 5751 5935 5950 AATCCCCCCCAAGATT 105 1545 1158241 5804 5819 6003 6018 TCCGCTCAAATCCTGA 74 1546 1158274 5939 5954 6138 6153 ATCTCCCACCTGTCTA 55 1547 1158308 6020 6035 6219 6234 GTATTACTCTAATCAC 66 1548 1158342 6109 6124 6308 6323 TATATAAGGTCAATAG 95 1549 1158375 6253 6268 6452 6467 CTGCAAGGTCTCATAC 76 1550 1158408 6410 6425 6609 6624 ATTTACTTGCCAACAG 53 1551 1158441 6485 6500 6684 6699 GGGAACACAACTTTTA 67 1552 1158474 6589 6604 6788 6803 TCAATCACAAATACGA 70 1553 1158507 6798 6813 6997 7012 CATAAACAATGCACTA 86 1554 1158538 7010 7025 7209 7224 CTGGAAGCTCCTTCTA 75 1555 1158571 7108 7123 7307 7322 ATTCAATACTATTGTC 76 1556 1158603 7246 7261 7445 7460 TACTTTAAGCCTTCGG 71 1557 1158637 7362 7377 7561 7576 GAGTTGAGGCAAGTCC 48 1558 1158670 7480 7495 7679 7694 ACCGCTTGAGATTTGG 68 1559 1158704‡ 7591 7606 7790 7805 GTGGCGATGTGGCAGA 59 1560 1158738 7680 7695 7879 7894 CCGATTATGGATCATG 37 1561 1158772 7731 7746 7930 7945 TCTAACATAGTTCAAC 71 1562 1158804 7815 7830 8014 8029 ACTGGATAAGTATTAT 54 1563 1158837 7900 7915 8099 8114 AGTCTACAAGTTACAT 97 1564 1158870 8015 8030 8214 8229 CCGCTAAGATGCTAGC 80 1565 1158904 8176 8191 8375 8390 CGTCCTGGAAACCAGG 79 1566 1158935 8276 8291 8475 8490 AACTCCAAGAACTAGC 70 1567 1158969 8360 8375 8559 8574 CAATCAAGTCAAGCTC 97 1568 1159002 8505 8520 N/A N/A AACCACAACAATTTAG 84 1569

TABLE 51 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: NO: NO: 1 NO: 1 2824 2824 Compound Start Stop Start Stop MALAT1 SEQ ID Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC 132 18  556131 8177 8192 8376 8391 CCGTCCTGGAAACCAG 84 1570  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 119 32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA 49 36  568477 5424 5439 5623 5638 TGAGTGAAGTGTACTA 58 1571  568491 6831 6846 7030 7045 TTAAGACCAAGGGAGG 71 1572 1156469 65 80 31 46 GCTTAAGAGGGCAGGA 107 1573 1156502 219 234 185 200 AGCCTATAAGGACAGC 77 1574 1156535 325 340 291 306 CCTTCTGAACCGGAGC 104 1575 1156569 457 472 423 438 CCGAAGACACAGAGAC 98 1576 1156603 513 528 479 494 GAAAGCGAGTTCAAGT 101 1577 1156637 582 597 548 563 ACGGAAATTTTTCTAC 96 1578 1156671 650 665 616 631 GCCGTTGGCTGCCAGT 108 1579 1156704 772 787 738 753 TTGTTCGAGAAATCGG 95 1580 1156738 862 877 828 843 CGGTTGAGAAGTGGCA 111 1581 1156772 925 940 891 906 TTAAAGTGTGATAGTT 94 1582 1156806 N/A N/A 979 994 CCCCCGGAACTTTTAA 112 1583 1156840 N/A N/A 1064 1079 CGTGTGGAAAGATTTG 100 1584 1156874 N/A N/A 1193 1208 CCTTTGTGAGGGAGGC 105 1585 1156908 1037 1052 1237 1252 ACGGAGAACAACTCGC 99 1586 1156942 1129 1144 1329 1344 GTTTCCTCAAGCTCCG 41 1587 1156976 1217 1232 1417 1432 CTAAGCAATATCTTAG 85 1588 1157010 1431 1446 1631 1646 AAGCATTGCCCTTCTA 54 1589 1157043 1546 1561 1746 1761 TTTTAATCACCTTCGG 56 1590 1157076 1707 1722 1907 1922 CGTACTTCTGTCTTCC 36 1591 1157110 2033 2048 2233 2248 GTTACCAATAATTTCC 29 1592 1157144 2204 2219 2404 2419 ACCAGTCCTTTTAGTA 102 1593 1157177 2321 2336 2521 2536 GAATTACTTCCGTTAC 64 1594 1157210 2407 2422 2607 2622 ATTAATGCTAGTCCTC 64 1595 1157244 2510 2525 2710 2725 CTCAGTCCTAGCTTCA 58 1596 1157278 2633 2648 2833 2848 TTCCTAGCTTCACCAC 64 1597 1157311 2713 2728 2913 2928 GCCTCCTCCGTGTGGT 101 1598 1157345 2796 2811 2996 3011 GATTTTTACCAACCAC 58 1599 1157379 2875 2890 3075 3090 ACTCCCCCATTATATT 98 1600 1157413 2935 2950 3135 3150 CTACAACACCCGGAAA 67 1601 1157445 3032 3047 3232 3247 CCCACAAACTTGCCAT 99 1602 1157478 3194 3209 3394 3409 CGAATTCAGGGTGAGG 32 1603 1157512 3309 3324 3509 3524 AGACAGACCTAAGGGA 79 1604 1157545 3391 3406 3591 3606 TAAACCTGTGGTGGTC 70 1605 1157577 3531 3546 3731 3746 ATAACAAGTTTAAGGG 59 1606 1157611 3663 3678 3863 3878 GCGGTACACTCCTTCT 72 1607 1157644 3776 3791 3976 3991 GACTGAATATGAACCA 49 1608 1157678 3913 3928 4113 4128 CAACCGTAACAGGCCA 77 1609 1157711 4035 4050 4235 4250 TTACTTGCCAACTTGG 30 1610 1157744 4123 4138 4323 4338 TAATGCACTGGTACAC 122 1611 1157778 4241 4256 4441 4456 TAATGTCAGCCCAGTA 93 1612 1157811 4381 4396 4581 4596 TCAGGATCATTAAGCC 63 1613 1157844 4591 4606 4790 4805 ACTATCACAATTCTTA 87 1614 1157878 4705 4720 4904 4919 CTGCCAGGCTGGTTAT 99 1615 1157910 4796 4811 4995 5010 TATTCCCCAATGGAGG 83 1616 1157944 4884 4899 5083 5098 CTTTAAATTGGTAGCT 55 1617 1157978 4978 4993 5177 5192 TGGACATTGCCTCTTC 71 1618 1158012 5099 5114 5298 5313 TCCACTTGATCCCAAC 53 1619 1158044 5163 5178 5362 5377 CTGATAACGAAGAGAT 103 1620 1158077 5254 5269 5453 5468 CCCTAACATGCAATAC 86 1621 1158109 5361 5376 5560 5575 CTCGATGGAAAAATTT 92 1622 1158176 5550 5565 5749 5764 GCACATCATGCTATTC 55 1623 1158210 5737 5752 5936 5951 GAATCCCCCCCAAGAT 115 1624 1158242 5805 5820 6004 6019 TTCCGCTCAAATCCTG 65 1625 1158275 5941 5956 6140 6155 TAATCTCCCACCTGTC 93 1626 1158309 6021 6036 6220 6235 AGTATTACTCTAATCA 77 1627 1158343 6110 6125 6309 6324 CTATATAAGGTCAATA 84 1628 1158376 6254 6269 6453 6468 ACTGCAAGGTCTCATA 101 1629 1158409 6412 6427 6611 6626 GCATTTACTTGCCAAC 89 1630 1158442 6499 6514 6698 6713 TACTCCAAGCATTGGG 100 1631 1158475 6590 6605 6789 6804 TTCAATCACAAATACG 81 1632 1158539 7012 7027 7211 7226 AACTGGAAGCTCCTTC 83 1633 1158572 7115 7130 7314 7329 GAAATCTATTCAATAC 76 1634 1158604 7247 7262 7446 7461 CTACTTTAAGCCTTCG 69 1635 1158638 7363 7378 7562 7577 GGAGTTGAGGCAAGTC 59 1636 1158671 7481 7496 7680 7695 CACCGCTTGAGATTTG 53 1637 1158705‡ 7607 7622 7806 7821 GATCAAAAGGCACGGG 70 1638 1158739 7681 7696 7880 7895 ACCGATTATGGATCAT 64 1639 1158773 7736 7751 7935 7950 CCTTTTCTAACATAGT 77 1640 1158805 7816 7831 8015 8030 CACTGGATAAGTATTA 60 1641 1158838 7901 7916 8100 8115 CAGTCTACAAGTTACA 73 1642 1158871 8016 8031 8215 8230 TCCGCTAAGATGCTAG 85 1643 1158936‡ 8299 8314 8498 8513 GCTGTTACCTCCCACC 74 1644 1158970 8361 8376 8560 8575 ACAATCAAGTCAAGCT 85 1645 1159003 8506 8521 N/A N/A GAACCACAACAATTTA 81 1646

TABLE 52 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: NO: NO: 1 NO: 1 2824 2824 Compound Start Stop Start Stop MALAT1 SEQ ID Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC 116 18  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 116 32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA 36 36  946398 66 81 32 47 CGCTTAAGAGGGCAGG 88 1647  946402 1435 1450 1635 1650 CTAAAAGCATTGCCCT 65 1648  946413 5100 5115 5299 5314 ATCCACTTGATCCCAA 84 1649 1156503 220 235 186 201 CAGCCTATAAGGACAG 78 1650 1156536 326 341 292 307 ACCTTCTGAACCGGAG 78 1651 1156570 459 474 425 440 CTCCGAAGACACAGAG 103 1652 1156604 514 529 480 495 GGAAAGCGAGTTCAAG 76 1653 1156638 583 598 549 564 CACGGAAATTTTTCTA 92 1654 1156672 651 666 617 632 GGCCGTTGGCTGCCAG 79 1655 1156705 775 790 741 756 TTTTTGTTCGAGAAAT 107 1656 1156739 863 878 829 844 ACGGTTGAGAAGTGGC 78 1657 1156773 926 941 892 907 ATTAAAGTGTGATAGT 83 1658 1156807 N/A N/A 980 995 ACCCCCGGAACTTTTA 91 1659 1156841 N/A N/A 1078 1093 ACTTAAATTACTAGCG 110 1660 1156875 N/A N/A 1194 1209 GCCTTTGTGAGGGAGG 123 1661 1156909 1039 1054 1239 1254 AGACGGAGAACAACTC 114 1662 1156943 1130 1145 1330 1345 GGTTTCCTCAAGCTCC 66 1663 1156977 1218 1233 1418 1433 GCTAAGCAATATCTTA 68 1664 1157044 1547 1562 1747 1762 CTTTTAATCACCTTCG 26 1665 1157077 1708 1723 1908 1923 CCGTACTTCTGTCTTC 36 1666 1157111※ 2034 2049 2234 2249 GGTTACCAATAATTTC 11 3 1157145 2208 2223 2408 2423 TTACACCAGTCCTTTT 63 1667 1157178 2322 2337 2522 2537 TGAATTACTTCCGTTA 64 1668 1157211 2408 2423 2608 2623 AATTAATGCTAGTCCT 84 1669 1157245 2515 2530 2715 2730 TGCTCCTCAGTCCTAG 74 1670 1157279 2635 2650 2835 2850 TTTTCCTAGCTTCACC 33 1671 1157312 2715 2730 2915 2930 TCGCCTCCTCCGTGTG 67 1672 1157346 2797 2812 2997 3012 GGATTTTTACCAACCA 86 1673 1157380 2876 2891 3076 3091 AACTCCCCCATTATAT 101 1674 1157414 2936 2951 3136 3151 CCTACAACACCCGGAA 100 1675 1157446 3033 3048 3233 3248 ACCCACAAACTTGCCA 102 1676 1157479 3197 3212 3397 3412 AAACGAATTCAGGGTG 77 1677 1157513 3311 3326 3511 3526 CTAGACAGACCTAAGG 98 1678 1157546 3392 3407 3592 3607 GTAAACCTGTGGTGGT 44 1679 1157578 3559 3574 3759 3774 GACCATCCCAAAATGC 92 1680 1157612 3664 3679 3864 3879 AGCGGTACACTCCTTC 50 1681 1157645 3777 3792 3977 3992 TGACTGAATATGAACC 59 1682 1157679 3914 3929 4114 4129 CCAACCGTAACAGGCC 73 1683 1157712 4036 4051 4236 4251 GTTACTTGCCAACTTG 37 1684 1157745 4124 4139 4324 4339 TTAATGCACTGGTACA 78 1685 1157779 4242 4257 4442 4457 TTAATGTCAGCCCAGT 63 1686 1157812 4382 4397 4582 4597 TTCAGGATCATTAAGC 82 1687 1157845 4593 4608 4792 4807 GAACTATCACAATTCT 97 1688 1157879 4710 4725 4909 4924 TCATACTGCCAGGCTG 71 1689 1157911 4797 4812 4996 5011 TTATTCCCCAATGGAG 82 1690 1157945 4885 4900 5084 5099 ACTTTAAATTGGTAGC 72 1691 1157979 4979 4994 5178 5193 ATGGACATTGCCTCTT 63 1692 1158045 5164 5179 5363 5378 TCTGATAACGAAGAGA 79 1693 1158078 5255 5270 5454 5469 TCCCTAACATGCAATA 70 1694 1158110 5362 5377 5561 5576 GCTCGATGGAAAAATT 90 1695 1158143 5425 5440 5624 5639 CTGAGTGAAGTGTACT 52 1696 1158177 5551 5566 5750 5765 AGCACATCATGCTATT 74 1697 1158211 5739 5754 5938 5953 AAGAATCCCCCCCAAG 72 1698 1158243 5807 5822 6006 6021 TCTTCCGCTCAAATCC 59 1699 1158276 5942 5957 6141 6156 ATAATCTCCCACCTGT 83 1700 1158310 6022 6037 6221 6236 AAGTATTACTCTAATC 91 1701 1158344 6112 6127 6311 6326 CCCTATATAAGGTCAA 87 1702 1158377 6255 6270 6454 6469 CACTGCAAGGTCTCAT 59 1703 1158410 6414 6429 6613 6628 CTGCATTTACTTGCCA 83 1704 1158443 6500 6515 6699 6714 CTACTCCAAGCATTGG 73 1705 1158476 6593 6608 6792 6807 AGCTTCAATCACAAAT 77 1706 1158508 6834 6849 7033 7048 GAATTAAGACCAAGGG 64 1707 1158540 7013 7028 7212 7227 CAACTGGAAGCTCCTT 77 1708 1158573 7118 7133 7317 7332 GCTGAAATCTATTCAA 259 1709 1158605 7248 7263 7447 7462 CCTACTTTAAGCCTTC 65 1710 1158639 7364 7379 7563 7578 GGGAGTTGAGGCAAGT 94 1711 1158672 7483 7498 7682 7697 AGCACCGCTTGAGATT 58 1712 1158706‡ 7608 7623 7807 7822 AGATCAAAAGGCACGG 80 1713 1158740 7682 7697 7881 7896 AACCGATTATGGATCA 51 1714 1158774 7737 7752 7936 7951 GCCTTTTCTAACATAG 101 1715 1158806 7818 7833 8017 8032 GTCACTGGATAAGTAT 52 1716 1158839 7902 7917 8101 8116 CCAGTCTACAAGTTAC 50 1717 1158872 8017 8032 8216 8231 TTCCGCTAAGATGCTA 91 1718 1158905 8179 8194 8378 8393 CCCCGTCCTGGAAACC 79 1719 1158937 8300 8315 8499 8514 TGCTGTTACCTCCCAC 86 1720 1158971 8362 8377 8561 8576 TACAATCAAGTCAAGC 102 1721 1159004 8535 8550 N/A N/A CCCCAATCAAGATTTT 121 1722

TABLE 53 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: NO: NO: 1 NO: 1 2824 2824 Compound Start Stop Start Stop MALAT1 SEQ ID Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC 105 18  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 117 32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA 45 36  946406 2937 2952 3137 3152 ACCTACAACACCCGGA 75 1723 1156470 67 82 33 48 GCGCTTAAGAGGGCAG 94 1724 1156504 221 236 187 202 CCAGCCTATAAGGACA 101 1725 1156537 329 344 295 310 CAGACCTTCTGAACCG 90 1726 1156571 460 475 426 441 TCTCCGAAGACACAGA 100 1727 1156605 515 530 481 496 TGGAAAGCGAGTTCAA 104 1728 1156639 584 599 550 565 GCACGGAAATTTTTCT 103 1729 1156673 667 682 633 648 CCGCCTGAGCCCCGGG 109 1730 1156706 798 813 764 779 CCAAGACAGCCACACG 90 1731 1156740 864 879 830 845 GACGGTTGAGAAGTGG 75 1732 1156774 927 942 893 908 GATTAAAGTGTGATAG 84 1733 1156808 N/A N/A 981 996 AACCCCCGGAACTTTT 99 1734 1156842 N/A N/A 1079 1094 TACTTAAATTACTAGC 72 1735 1156876 N/A N/A 1195 1210 CGCCTTTGTGAGGGAG 103 1736 1156910 1040 1055 1240 1255 TAGACGGAGAACAACT 71 1737 1156944 1132 1147 1332 1347 GCGGTTTCCTCAAGCT 80 1738 1156978 1219 1234 1419 1434 CGCTAAGCAATATCTT 42 1739 1157011 1436 1451 1636 1651 TCTAAAAGCATTGCCC 71 1740 1157045 1554 1569 1754 1769 TCAAGGTCTTTTAATC 59 1741 1157078 1710 1725 1910 1925 TCCCGTACTTCTGTCT 59 1742 1157112 2036 2051 2236 2251 TTGGTTACCAATAATT 76 1743 1157146 2209 2224 2409 2424 ATTACACCAGTCCTTT 60 1744 1157179 2323 2338 2523 2538 TTGAATTACTTCCGTT 46 1745 1157212 2409 2424 2609 2624 CAATTAATGCTAGTCC 72 1746 1157246 2519 2534 2719 2734 CGCTTGCTCCTCAGTC 38 1747 1157280 2654 2669 2854 2869 CGCTCCTTCCTGGAAT 119 1748 1157313 2716 2731 2916 2931 CTCGCCTCCTCCGTGT 90 1749 1157347 2798 2813 2998 3013 CGGATTTTTACCAACC 62 1750 1157381 2878 2893 3078 3093 GAAACTCCCCCATTAT 94 1751 1157447 3081 3096 3281 3296 GGCTATCAAATTCATT 58 1752 1157480 3198 3213 3398 3413 AAAACGAATTCAGGGT 75 1753 1157514 3312 3327 3512 3527 TCTAGACAGACCTAAG 106 1754 1157547 3393 3408 3593 3608 TGTAAACCTGTGGTGG 52 1755 1157579 3562 3577 3762 3777 TAAGACCATCCCAAAA 84 1756 1157613 3665 3680 3865 3880 CAGCGGTACACTCCTT 64 1757 1157646 3786 3801 3986 4001 CTCCTGAGATGACTGA 61 1758 1157680 3915 3930 4115 4130 CCCAACCGTAACAGGC 78 1759 1157713 4037 4052 4237 4252 AGTTACTTGCCAACTT 93 1760 1157746 4125 4140 4325 4340 ATTAATGCACTGGTAC 84 1761 1157780 4243 4258 4443 4458 GTTAATGTCAGCCCAG 45 1762 1157813 4383 4398 4583 4598 CTTCAGGATCATTAAG 97 1763 1157846 4594 4609 4793 4808 TGAACTATCACAATTC 76 1764 1157880 4712 4727 4911 4926 CATCATACTGCCAGGC 41 1765 1157912 4799 4814 4998 5013 GCTTATTCCCCAATGG 27 1766 1157946 4888 4903 5087 5102 GTAACTTTAAATTGGT 45 1767 1157980 4980 4995 5179 5194 GATGGACATTGCCTCT 63 1768 1158013 5102 5117 5301 5316 CAATCCACTTGATCCC 44 1769 1158046 5165 5180 5364 5379 TTCTGATAACGAAGAG 92 1770 1158079 5256 5271 5455 5470 ATCCCTAACATGCAAT 77 1771 1158111 5363 5378 5562 5577 GGCTCGATGGAAAAAT 67 1772 1158144 5426 5441 5625 5640 TCTGAGTGAAGTGTAC 66 1773 1158178 5552 5567 5751 5766 CAGCACATCATGCTAT 85 1774 1158212 5740 5755 5939 5954 GAAGAATCCCCCCCAA 89 1775 1158244 5825 5840 6024 6039 CCTTAAAGTTACATTC 67 1776 1158277 5944 5959 6143 6158 TCATAATCTCCCACCT 90 1777 1158311 6051 6066 6250 6265 GTTAACATGCAAACTT 87 1778 1158345 6113 6128 6312 6327 TCCCTATATAAGGTCA 95 1779 1158378 6256 6271 6455 6470 TCACTGCAAGGTCTCA 52 1780 1158411 6415 6430 6614 6629 ACTGCATTTACTTGCC 92 1781 1158444 6501 6516 6700 6715 ACTACTCCAAGCATTG 64 1782 1158477 6594 6609 6793 6808 CAGCTTCAATCACAAA 67 1783 1158509 6838 6853 7037 7052 GTAAGAATTAAGACCA 63 1784 1158541 7015 7030 7214 7229 TTCAACTGGAAGCTCC 42 1785 1158574 7125 7140 7324 7339 GCATAAAGCTGAAATC 96 1786 1158606 7252 7267 7451 7466 TTGTCCTACTTTAAGC 70 1787 1158640 7366 7381 7565 7580 GAGGGAGTTGAGGCAA 76 1788 1158673 7484 7499 7683 7698 AAGCACCGCTTGAGAT 92 1789 1158707‡ 7611 7626 7810 7825 GCTAGATCAAAAGGCA 87 1790 1158741 7683 7698 7882 7897 AAACCGATTATGGATC 97 1791 1158775 7738 7753 7937 7952 GGCCTTTTCTAACATA 98 1792 1158807 7819 7834 8018 8033 AGTCACTGGATAAGTA 59 1793 1158840 7903 7918 8102 8117 TCCAGTCTACAAGTTA 69 1794 1158873 8021 8036 8220 8235 CAGCTTCCGCTAAGAT 111 1795 1158906 8182 8197 8381 8396 GAACCCCGTCCTGGAA 118 1796 1158938 8306 8321 8505 8520 ATATTGTGCTGTTACC 109 1797 1158972 8392 8407 8591 8606 TTATATTAGGTTCTCG 106 1798 1159005 8536 8551 N/A N/A TCCCCAATCAAGATTT 82 1799

TABLE 54 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: NO: NO: 1 NO: 1 2824 2824 Compound Start Stop Start Stop MALAT1 SEQ ID Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC 94 18  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 114 32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA 41 36  567919 6839 6854 7038 7053 TGTAAGAATTAAGACC 82 1800  567964 7016 7031 7215 7230 ATTCAACTGGAAGCTC 83 1801  946411 4244 4259 4444 4459 AGTTAATGTCAGCCCA 66 1802  946418 6502 6517 6701 6716 CACTACTCCAAGCATT 77 1803  946423 7749 7764 7948 7963 GGCAAATTAATGGCCT 75 1804 1156471 68 83 34 49 TGCGCTTAAGAGGGCA 93 1805 1156505 223 238 189 204 GGCCAGCCTATAAGGA 94 1806 1156538 330 345 296 311 TCAGACCTTCTGAACC 106 1807 1156572 461 476 427 442 GTCTCCGAAGACACAG 105 1808 1156606 516 531 482 497 ATGGAAAGCGAGTTCA 86 1809 1156640 585 600 551 566 CGCACGGAAATTTTTC 117 1810 1156674 668 683 634 649 CCCGCCTGAGCCCCGG 102 1811 1156707 807 822 773 788 GACTTGCTCCCAAGAC 93 1812 1156741 865 880 831 846 GGACGGTTGAGAAGTG 104 1813 1156775 928 943 894 909 AGATTAAAGTGTGATA 73 1814 1156809 N/A N/A 982 997 AAACCCCCGGAACTTT 95 1815 1156843 N/A N/A 1098 1113 CAAACTACACATGCAG 94 1816 1156877 N/A N/A 1196 1211 CCGCCTTTGTGAGGGA 86 1817 1156911 1041 1056 1241 1256 ATAGACGGAGAACAAC 79 1818 1156945 1133 1148 1333 1348 TGCGGTTTCCTCAAGC 74 1819 1156979 1220 1235 1420 1435 ACGCTAAGCAATATCT 63 1820 1157012 1437 1452 1637 1652 ATCTAAAAGCATTGCC 82 1821 1157046 1562 1577 1762 1777 CATGGATTTCAAGGTC 89 1822 1157079 1712 1727 1912 1927 CTTCCCGTACTTCTGT 57 1823 1157113 2037 2052 2237 2252 ATTGGTTACCAATAAT 96 1824 1157147 2210 2225 2410 2425 AATTACACCAGTCCTT 58 1825 1157180 2324 2339 2524 2539 CTTGAATTACTTCCGT 44 1826 1157213 2410 2425 2610 2625 TCAATTAATGCTAGTC 65 1827 1157247 2521 2536 2721 2736 CTCGCTTGCTCCTCAG 46 1828 1157281 2657 2672 2857 2872 ACTCGCTCCTTCCTGG 52 1829 1157314 2717 2732 2917 2932 GCTCGCCTCCTCCGTG 73 1830 1157348 2799 2814 2999 3014 ACGGATTTTTACCAAC 66 1831 1157382 2879 2894 3079 3094 CGAAACTCCCCCATTA 85 1832 1157415 2938 2953 3138 3153 AACCTACAACACCCGG 66 1833 1157448 3089 3104 3289 3304 CTCAATTTGGCTATCA 40 1834 1157481 3199 3214 3399 3414 CAAAACGAATTCAGGG 74 1835 1157515 3313 3328 3513 3528 TTCTAGACAGACCTAA 71 1836 1157548 3394 3409 3594 3609 CTGTAAACCTGTGGTG 85 1837 1157580 3563 3578 3763 3778 TTAAGACCATCCCAAA 95 1838 1157614 3666 3681 3866 3881 ACAGCGGTACACTCCT 58 1839 1157647 3794 3809 3994 4009 CTGAAGTTCTCCTGAG 62 1840 1157681 3916 3931 4116 4131 TCCCAACCGTAACAGG 98 1841 1157714 4039 4054 4239 4254 GGAGTTACTTGCCAAC 76 1842 1157747 4126 4141 4326 4341 AATTAATGCACTGGTA 81 1843 1157814 4386 4401 4586 4601 TCCCTTCAGGATCATT 90 1844 1157847 4595 4610 4794 4809 CTGAACTATCACAATT 72 1845 1157881 4713 4728 4912 4927 CCATCATACTGCCAGG 83 1846 1157913 4800 4815 4999 5014 TGCTTATTCCCCAATG 48 1847 1157947 4889 4904 5088 5103 CGTAACTTTAAATTGG 21 1848 1157981 4981 4996 5180 5195 AGATGGACATTGCCTC 52 1849 1158014 5103 5118 5302 5317 TCAATCCACTTGATCC 86 1850 1158047 5166 5181 5365 5380 CTTCTGATAACGAAGA 105 1851 1158080 5258 5273 5457 5472 TTATCCCTAACATGCA 92 1852 1158112 5364 5379 5563 5578 AGGCTCGATGGAAAAA 72 1853 1158145 5469 5484 5668 5683 CACTTTAGAGGCTTTT 58 1854 1158179 5555 5570 5754 5769 TAACAGCACATCATGC 79 1855 1158213 5741 5756 5940 5955 AGAAGAATCCCCCCCA 113 1856 1158245 5826 5841 6025 6040 GCCTTAAAGTTACATT 90 1857 1158278 5945 5960 6144 6159 ATCATAATCTCCCACC 80 1858 1158312 6068 6083 6267 6282 GATTGTAAGCATTTAA 46 1859 1158346 6114 6129 6313 6328 TTCCCTATATAAGGTC 94 1860 1158379 6261 6276 6460 6475 TAAACTCACTGCAAGG 86 1861 1158412 6416 6431 6615 6630 TACTGCATTTACTTGC 80 1862 1158478 6601 6616 6800 6815 ATGTACTCAGCTTCAA 56 1863 1158575 7129 7144 7328 7343 TCCAGCATAAAGCTGA 109 1864 1158607 7258 7273 7457 7472 CCATGGTTGTCCTACT 90 1865 1158641 7367 7382 7566 7581 AGAGGGAGTTGAGGCA 60 1866 1158674 7486 7501 7685 7700 TCAAGCACCGCTTGAG 112 1867 1158708‡ 7612 7627 7811 7826 TGCTAGATCAAAAGGC 92 1868 1158742 7684 7699 7883 7898 GAAACCGATTATGGAT 66 1869 1158808 7823 7838 8022 8037 TTTTAGTCACTGGATA 55 1870 1158841 7912 7927 8111 8126 CCTATCTTCTCCAGTC 113 1871 1158874 8023 8038 8222 8237 ATCAGCTTCCGCTAAG 96 1872 1158907 8183 8198 8382 8397 TGAACCCCGTCCTGGA 97 1873 1158939 8307 8322 8506 8521 GATATTGTGCTGTTAC 117 1874 1158973 8393 8408 8592 8607 GTTATATTAGGTTCTC 93 1875 1159006 8538 8553 N/A N/A TTTCCCCAATCAAGAT 104 1876

TABLE 55 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: NO: NO: 1 NO: 1 2824 2824 Compound Start Stop Start Stop MALAT1 SEQ ID Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC 78 18  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 112 32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA 36 36  946412 4715 4730 4914 4929 GGCCATCATACTGCCA 119 1877  946425 8184 8199 8383 8398 TTGAACCCCGTCCTGG 88 1878 1156472 69 84 35 50 CTGCGCTTAAGAGGGC 66 1879 1156506 228 243 194 209 GGAATGGCCAGCCTAT 83 1880 1156539 331 346 297 312 TTCAGACCTTCTGAAC 108 1881 1156573 469 484 435 450 ATGGCTTTGTCTCCGA 85 1882 1156607 517 532 483 498 CATGGAAAGCGAGTTC 80 1883 1156641 586 601 552 567 CCGCACGGAAATTTTT 85 1884 1156675 671 686 637 652 CTCCCCGCCTGAGCCC 123 1885 1156708 808 823 774 789 CGACTTGCTCCCAAGA 78 1886 1156742 866 881 832 847 GGGACGGTTGAGAAGT 93 1887 1156776 931 946 897 912 GGAAGATTAAAGTGTG 79 1888 1156810 N/A N/A 983 998 AAAACCCCCGGAACTT 91 1889 1156844 N/A N/A 1106 1121 CTTGAATGCAAACTAC 106 1890 1156878 N/A N/A 1197 1212 GCCGCCTTTGTGAGGG 75 1891 1156912 1042 1057 1242 1257 TATAGACGGAGAACAA 70 1892 1156946 1134 1149 1334 1349 CTGCGGTTTCCTCAAG 71 1893 1156980 1232 1247 1432 1447 GTTAAAAACTTAACGC 96 1894 1157013 1438 1453 1638 1653 AATCTAAAAGCATTGC 70 1895 1157047 1563 1578 1763 1778 TCATGGATTTCAAGGT 49 1896 1157080 1714 1729 1914 1929 GCCTTCCCGTACTTCT 40 1897 1157114 2040 2055 2240 2255 TAAATTGGTTACCAAT 75 1898 1157148 2211 2226 2411 2426 AAATTACACCAGTCCT 55 1899 1157181 2325 2340 2525 2540 TCTTGAATTACTTCCG 24 1900 1157214 2411 2426 2611 2626 GTCAATTAATGCTAGT 59 1901 1157248 2522 2537 2722 2737 GCTCGCTTGCTCCTCA 61 1902 1157282 2659 2674 2859 2874 GCACTCGCTCCTTCCT 34 1903 1157315 2718 2733 2918 2933 TGCTCGCCTCCTCCGT 66 1904 1157349 2800 2815 3000 3015 CACGGATTTTTACCAA 81 1905 1157383 2880 2895 3080 3095 ACGAAACTCCCCCATT 64 1906 1157416 2940 2955 3140 3155 GAAACCTACAACACCC 80 1907 1157449 3090 3105 3290 3305 TCTCAATTTGGCTATC 71 1908 1157482 3200 3215 3400 3415 ACAAAACGAATTCAGG 69 1909 1157516 3314 3329 3514 3529 ATTCTAGACAGACCTA 67 1910 1157549 3395 3410 3595 3610 ACTGTAAACCTGTGGT 106 1911 1157581 3564 3579 3764 3779 GTTAAGACCATCCCAA 81 1912 1157615 3667 3682 3867 3882 CACAGCGGTACACTCC 60 1913 1157648 3810 3825 4010 4025 GCCTACTCAAGCTCTT 80 1914 1157682 3917 3932 4117 4132 ATCCCAACCGTAACAG 87 1915 1157715 4040 4055 4240 4255 GGGAGTTACTTGCCAA 90 1916 1157748 4128 4143 4328 4343 CAAATTAATGCACTGG 85 1917 1157781 4245 4260 4445 4460 TAGTTAATGTCAGCCC 59 1918 1157815 4387 4402 4587 4602 ATCCCTTCAGGATCAT 81 1919 1157848 4596 4611 4795 4810 GCTGAACTATCACAAT 73 1920 1157914 4801 4816 5000 5015 ATGCTTATTCCCCAAT 48 1921 1157948 4890 4905 5089 5104 CCGTAACTTTAAATTG 45 1922 1157982 4982 4997 5181 5196 GAGATGGACATTGCCT 42 1923 1158015 5104 5119 5303 5318 CTCAATCCACTTGATC 68 1924 1158048 5168 5183 5367 5382 CTCTTCTGATAACGAA 77 1925 1158081 5259 5274 5458 5473 CTTATCCCTAACATGC 59 1926 1158113 5365 5380 5564 5579 AAGGCTCGATGGAAAA 93 1927 1158146 5471 5486 5670 5685 ATCACTTTAGAGGCTT 47 1928 1158180 5556 5571 5755 5770 CTAACAGCACATCATG 68 1929 1158214 5742 5757 5941 5956 GAGAAGAATCCCCCCC 83 1930 1158246 5827 5842 6026 6041 TGCCTTAAAGTTACAT 81 1931 1158279 5946 5961 6145 6160 GATCATAATCTCCCAC 59 1932 1158313 6069 6084 6268 6283 AGATTGTAAGCATTTA 58 1933 1158347 6115 6130 6314 6329 CTTCCCTATATAAGGT 90 1934 1158380 6265 6280 6464 6479 CTGATAAACTCACTGC 52 1935 1158413 6419 6434 6618 6633 CAGTACTGCATTTACT 80 1936 1158445 6503 6518 6702 6717 TCACTACTCCAAGCAT 79 1937 1158479 6602 6617 6801 6816 AATGTACTCAGCTTCA 52 1938 1158510 6842 6857 7041 7056 GCATGTAAGAATTAAG 72 1939 1158542 7018 7033 7217 7232 GAATTCAACTGGAAGC 93 1940 1158576 7130 7145 7329 7344 CTCCAGCATAAAGCTG 88 1941 1158608 7259 7274 7458 7473 TCCATGGTTGTCCTAC 65 1942 1158642 7387 7402 7586 7601 TCGGATGCTTCACTCC 63 1943 1158675 7487 7502 7686 7701 TTCAAGCACCGCTTGA 88 1944 1158709‡ 7613 7628 7812 7827 GTGCTAGATCAAAAGG 75 1945 1158743 7685 7700 7884 7899 TGAAACCGATTATGGA 97 1946 1158776 7750 7765 7949 7964 AGGCAAATTAATGGCC 92 1947 1158809 7824 7839 8023 8038 GTTTTAGTCACTGGAT 42 1948 1158842 7913 7928 8112 8127 GCCTATCTTCTCCAGT 73 1949 1158875 8027 8042 8226 8241 GGAGATCAGCTTCCGC 107 1950 1158940 8308 8323 8507 8522 AGATATTGTGCTGTTA 83 1951 1158974 8394 8409 8593 8608 AGTTATATTAGGTTCT 78 1952 1159007 995 1010 N/A N/A CGCCTCTTAAAGCACT 112 1953

TABLE 56 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: NO: NO: 1 NO: 1 2824 2824 Compound Start Stop Start Stop MALAT1 SEQ ID Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC 82 18  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 126 32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA 49 36  946399 230 245 196 211 CTGGAATGGCCAGCCT 85 1954  946408 3668 3683 3868 3883 GCACAGCGGTACACTC 91 1955  946415 5743 5758 5942 5957 AGAGAAGAATCCCCCC 72 1956 1156473 71 86 37 52 CGCTGCGCTTAAGAGG 90 1957 1156540 338 353 304 319 TATGAGCTTCAGACCT 109 1958 1156574 473 488 439 454 GCGAATGGCTTTGTCT 93 1959 1156608 519 534 485 500 GCCATGGAAAGCGAGT 91 1960 1156642 587 602 553 568 CCCGCACGGAAATTTT 83 1961 1156676 672 687 638 653 GCTCCCCGCCTGAGCC 92 1962 1156709 810 825 776 791 TGCGACTTGCTCCCAA 113 1963 1156743 867 882 833 848 AGGGACGGTTGAGAAG 86 1964 1156777 945 960 911 926 TACCACCTTTTGAAGG 87 1965 1156811 N/A N/A 984 999 CAAAACCCCCGGAACT 100 1966 1156845 N/A N/A 1107 1122 ACTTGAATGCAAACTA 89 1967 1156879 N/A N/A 1199 1214 CCGCCGCCTTTGTGAG 75 1968 1156913 1043 1058 1243 1258 TTATAGACGGAGAACA 92 1969 1156947 1135 1150 1335 1350 TCTGCGGTTTCCTCAA 51 1970 1156981 1233 1248 1433 1448 CGTTAAAAACTTAACG 87 1971 1157014 1458 1473 1658 1673 GTTTAAGTCACCTTCA 37 1972 1157048 1564 1579 1764 1779 GTCATGGATTTCAAGG 48 1973 1157081 1715 1730 1915 1930 CGCCTTCCCGTACTTC 43 1974 1157115 2061 2076 2261 2276 TAAATTGATGGGCTTT 63 1975 1157149 2212 2227 2412 2427 TAAATTACACCAGTCC 56 1976 1157182 2327 2342 2527 2542 GATCTTGAATTACTTC 51 1977 1157215 2412 2427 2612 2627 TGTCAATTAATGCTAG 58 1978 1157249 2524 2539 2724 2739 TTGCTCGCTTGCTCCT 60 1979 1157283 2660 2675 2860 2875 TGCACTCGCTCCTTCC 67 1980 1157316 2719 2734 2919 2934 CTGCTCGCCTCCTCCG 84 1981 1157350 2801 2816 3001 3016 TCACGGATTTTTACCA 72 1982 1157384 2881 2896 3081 3096 TACGAAACTCCCCCAT 94 1983 1157417 2941 2956 3141 3156 AGAAACCTACAACACC 106 1984 1157450 3094 3109 3294 3309 ATTGTCTCAATTTGGC 37 1985 1157483 3201 3216 3401 3416 TACAAAACGAATTCAG 80 1986 1157517 3316 3331 3516 3531 GGATTCTAGACAGACC 56 1987 1157550 3396 3411 3596 3611 AACTGTAAACCTGTGG 108 1988 1157582 3565 3580 3765 3780 TGTTAAGACCATCCCA 91 1989 1157649 3811 3826 4011 4026 GGCCTACTCAAGCTCT 86 1990 1157683 3919 3934 4119 4134 CAATCCCAACCGTAAC 91 1991 1157716 4041 4056 4241 4256 TGGGAGTTACTTGCCA 81 1992 1157749 4129 4144 4329 4344 CCAAATTAATGCACTG 87 1993 1157782 4246 4261 4446 4461 GTAGTTAATGTCAGCC 41 1994 1157816 4388 4403 4588 4603 AATCCCTTCAGGATCA 92 1995 1157849 4597 4612 4796 4811 AGCTGAACTATCACAA 95 1996 1157882 4717 4732 4916 4931 TAGGCCATCATACTGC 94 1997 1157915 4803 4818 5002 5017 TTATGCTTATTCCCCA 25 1998 1157949 4891 4906 5090 5105 TCCGTAACTTTAAATT 64 1999 1157983 4983 4998 5182 5197 TGAGATGGACATTGCC 26 2000 1158016 5105 5120 5304 5319 CCTCAATCCACTTGAT 102 2001 1158049 5171 5186 5370 5385 CAACTCTTCTGATAAC 84 2002 1158082 5260 5275 5459 5474 ACTTATCCCTAACATG 87 2003 1158114 5367 5382 5566 5581 AAAAGGCTCGATGGAA 89 2004 1158147 5472 5487 5671 5686 GATCACTTTAGAGGCT 108 2005 1158181 5557 5572 5756 5771 TCTAACAGCACATCAT 78 2006 1158247 5829 5844 6028 6043 CCTGCCTTAAAGTTAC 80 2007 1158280 5947 5962 6146 6161 TGATCATAATCTCCCA 57 2008 1158314 6071 6086 6270 6285 TAAGATTGTAAGCATT 77 2009 1158348 6116 6131 6315 6330 CCTTCCCTATATAAGG 141 2010 1158381 6266 6281 6465 6480 GCTGATAAACTCACTG 45 2011 1158414 6421 6436 6620 6635 AACAGTACTGCATTTA 64 2012 1158446 6504 6519 6703 6718 ATCACTACTCCAAGCA 80 2013 1158480 6606 6621 6805 6820 GCAAAATGTACTCAGC 77 2014 1158511 6846 6861 7045 7060 TCCTGCATGTAAGAAT 85 2015 1158543 7019 7034 7218 7233 TGAATTCAACTGGAAG 64 2016 1158577 7134 7149 7333 7348 GTTACTCCAGCATAAA 100 2017 1158609 7260 7275 7459 7474 CTCCATGGTTGTCCTA 61 2018 1158643 7388 7403 7587 7602 TTCGGATGCTTCACTC 52 2019 1158676 7488 7503 7687 7702 CTTCAAGCACCGCTTG 79 2020 1158710‡ 7615 7630 7814 7829 CTGTGCTAGATCAAAA 72 2021 1158744 7686 7701 7885 7900 TTGAAACCGATTATGG 58 2022 1158777 7751 7766 7950 7965 CAGGCAAATTAATGGC 77 2023 1158810 7825 7840 8024 8039 GGTTTTAGTCACTGGA 15 2024 1158843 7920 7935 8119 8134 CTCAAATGCCTATCTT 81 2025 1158876 8028 8043 8227 8242 TGGAGATCAGCTTCCG 82 2026 1158908 8185 8200 8384 8399 TTTGAACCCCGTCCTG 94 2027 1158941 8309 8324 8508 8523 AAGATATTGTGCTGTT 87 2028 1158975 8395 8410 8594 8609 CAGTTATATTAGGTTC 92 2029 1159008 996 1011 N/A N/A CCGCCTCTTAAAGCAC 109 2030

TABLE 57 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ NO: NO: NO: 1 ID NO: 2824 2824 Compound Start 1 Stop Start Stop MALAT1 SEQ Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) ID No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC 105 18  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 123 32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA 51 36 1156475 113 128 79 94 GCTGAGGCTTCCCGGC 85 2031 1156508 235 250 201 216 ACCACCTGGAATGGCC 85 2032 1156542 341 356 307 322 AGGTATGAGCTTCAGA 99 2033 1156576 475 490 441 456 AAGCGAATGGCTTTGT 94 2034 1156610 521 536 487 502 TCGCCATGGAAAGCGA 85 2035 1156644 590 605 556 571 CGGCCCGCACGGAAAT 76 2036 1156678 680 695 646 661 ACAGAGCTGCTCCCCG 82 2037 1156711 812 827 778 793 CCTGCGACTTGCTCCC 80 2038 1156745 870 885 836 851 TGCAGGGACGGTTGAG 122 2039 1156779 949 964 915 930 AGTTTACCACCTTTTG 77 2040 1156813 N/A N/A 986 1001 CACAAAACCCCCGGAA 81 2041 1156847 N/A N/A 1112 1127 ATGGAACTTGAATGCA 99 2042 1156881 N/A N/A 1205 1220 CACCTTCCGCCGCCTT 125 2043 1156915 1045 1060 1245 1260 ATTTATAGACGGAGAA 91 2044 1156949 1138 1153 1338 1353 TTATCTGCGGTTTCCT 55 2045 1156983 1286 1301 1486 1501 CTACTCTTCTAAGTCT 51 2046 1157016 1460 1475 1660 1675 CTGTTTAAGTCACCTT 24 2047 1157050 1579 1594 1779 1794 CGCAATTCTCCCTGCG 77 2048 1157083 1718 1733 1918 1933 CTTCGCCTTCCCGTAC 65 2049 1157117 2063 2078 2263 2278 ATTAAATTGATGGGCT 80 2050 1157151 2239 2254 2439 2454 CCAAAAGCCTTCTGCC 66 2051 1157184 2334 2349 2534 2549 TACTCTTGATCTTGAA 54 2052 1157217 2415 2430 2615 2630 AGCTGTCAATTAATGC 90 2053 1157251 2536 2551 2736 2751 ACGAACTGCTGCTTGC 34 2054 1157285 2663 2678 2863 2878 AATTGCACTCGCTCCT 71 2055 1157318 2735 2750 2935 2950 CCTCTACGCACAACGC 41 2056 1157352 2803 2818 3003 3018 CCTCACGGATTTTTAC 101 2057 1157386 2883 2898 3083 3098 AGTACGAAACTCCCCC 72 2058 1157419 2960 2975 3160 3175 GAGTATAAGCCTGAAA 84 2059 1157452 3112 3127 3312 3327 GCTTACAGATTTGCTG 92 2060 1157485 3208 3223 3408 3423 CTACATTTACAAAACG 71 2061 1157519 3318 3333 3518 3533 TAGGATTCTAGACAGA 44 2062 1157552 3417 3432 3617 3632 AGAACTGCTCTAGTTT 106 2063 1157584 3567 3582 3767 3782 CCTGTTAAGACCATCC 60 2064 1157617 3672 3687 3872 3887 AACAGCACAGCGGTAC 98 2065 1157651 3813 3828 4013 4028 TTGGCCTACTCAAGCT 108 2066 1157685 3922 3937 4122 4137 CACCAATCCCAACCGT 95 2067 1157718 4043 4058 4243 4258 ATTGGGAGTTACTTGC 37 2068 1157751 4132 4147 4332 4347 TGCCCAAATTAATGCA 71 2069 1157784 4249 4264 4449 4464 ATTGTAGTTAATGTCA 50 2070 1157818 4398 4413 4598 4613 CATCAGAAGAAATCCC 83 2071 1157851 4602 4617 4801 4816 ATTCAAGCTGAACTAT 90 2072 1157884 4720 4735 4919 4934 ATCTAGGCCATCATAC 68 2073 1157917 4806 4821 5005 5020 GGGTTATGCTTATTCC 72 2074 1157951 4895 4910 5094 5109 AGATTCCGTAACTTTA 22 2075 1157985 5016 5031 5215 5230 CGCTTTTATTCTGCTT 94 2076 1158018 5109 5124 5308 5323 GCCTCCTCAATCCACT 84 2077 1158051 5213 5228 5412 5427 TTAACAGCTGCCTGCT 44 2078 1158084 5262 5277 5461 5476 GCACTTATCCCTAACA 42 2079 1158116 5369 5384 5568 5583 TAAAAAGGCTCGATGG 61 2080 1158149 5476 5491 5675 5690 CACTGATCACTTTAGA 59 2081 1158183 5562 5577 5761 5776 CTGATTCTAACAGCAC 45 2082 1158216 5745 5760 5944 5959 TTAGAGAAGAATCCCC 69 2083 1158249 5870 5885 6069 6084 ATTATATGCTCATCAC 49 2084 1158282 5950 5965 6149 6164 CTCTGATCATAATCTC 65 2085 1158316 6073 6088 6272 6287 TCTAAGATTGTAAGCA 47 2086 1158350 6168 6183 6367 6382 ATGAAATGCCTCTGCA 87 2087 1158383 6270 6285 6469 6484 GTATGCTGATAAACTC 48 2088 1158416 6426 6441 6625 6640 ATCAGAACAGTACTGC 65 2089 1158448 6507 6522 6706 6721 ACAATCACTACTCCAA 69 2090 1158482 6669 6684 6868 6883 AAGGCTTCAGTCCCCT 86 2091 1158513 6853 6868 7052 7067 TGAGTGTTCCTGCATG 64 2092 1158545 7021 7036 7220 7235 GGTGAATTCAACTGGA 51 2093 1158579 7136 7151 7335 7350 CAGTTACTCCAGCATA 76 2094 1158611 7267 7282 7466 7481 AGGAAGGCTCCATGGT 89 2095 1158645 7390 7405 7589 7604 CCTTCGGATGCTTCAC 42 2096 1158678 7491 7506 7690 7705 CCCCTTCAAGCACCGC 86 2097 1158712‡ 7622 7637 7821 7836 GAAGGGTCTGTGCTAG 60 2098 1158746 7688 7703 7887 7902 CCTTGAAACCGATTAT 64 2099 1158779 7753 7768 7952 7967 TGCAGGCAAATTAATG 89 2100 1158812 7835 7850 8034 8049 GGTTTAAGTTGGTTTT 10 2101 1158845 7925 7940 8124 8139 AGCCACTCAAATGCCT 72 2102 1158878 8032 8047 8231 8246 GCATTGGAGATCAGCT 89 2103 1158910 8187 8202 8386 8401 GATTTGAACCCCGTCC 102 2104 1158943 8311 8326 8510 8525 CAAAGATATTGTGCTG 110 2105 1158977 8397 8412 8596 8611 GGCAGTTATATTAGGT 84 2106 1159010 998 1013 N/A N/A CGCCGCCTCTTAAAGC 87 2107

TABLE 58 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 1 NO: 1 NO: 2824 NO: 2824 Compound Start Stop Start Stop MALAT1 SEQ Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) ID No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC 113   18  556033 3320 3335 3520 3535 TTTAGGATTCTAGACA  75 2108  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 124   32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA  31   36  568503 7762 7777 7961 7976 TTAACAATTTGCAGGC  34 2109  946409 3936 3951 4136 4151 ACCTAAACCCACCCCA 101 2110 1156477  119  134   85  100 AGGCGAGCTGAGGCTT  81 2111 1156510  238  253  204  219 ACCACCACCTGGAATG  78 2112 1156544  343  358  309  324 TTAGGTATGAGCTTCA  82 2113 1156578  477  492  443  458 CTAAGCGAATGGCTTT  78 2114 1156612  524  539  490  505 AAATCGCCATGGAAAG  99 2115 1156646  592  607  558  573 CACGGCCCGCACGGAA 101 2116 1156680  698  713  664  679 ACGCCTCAATCCCACA  73 2117 1156713  815  830  781  796 AGTCCTGCGACTTGCT  74 2118 1156747  874  889  840  855 GCCTTGCAGGGACGGT 110 2119 1156781  951  966  917  932 ATAGTTTACCACCTTT  61 2120 1156815 N/A N/A  988 1003 CTCACAAAACCCCCGG  82 2121 1156849 N/A N/A 1114 1129 TTATGGAACTTGAATG  93 2122 1156883 1008 1023 1208 1223 GATCACCTTCCGCCGC  94 2123 1156917 1048 1063 1248 1263 CGTATTTATAGACGGA 109 2124 1156951 1140 1155 1340 1355 ACTTATCTGCGGTTTC  29 2125 1156985 1289 1304 1489 1504 ATGCTACTCTTCTAAG  60 2126 1157018 1467 1482 1667 1682 CTTTAAGCTGTTTAAG 104 2127 1157052 1582 1597 1782 1797 TGACGCAATTCTCCCT  67 2128 1157085 1726 1741 1926 1941 ATTCTTTTCTTCGCCT  52 2129 1157119 2077 2092 2277 2292 CTGCACCACCAGAAAT  80 2130 1157153 2271 2286 2471 2486 TATTTAAGGCCTTCCA  38 2131 1157186 2336 2351 2536 2551 ATTACTCTTGATCTTG  29 2132 1157219 2423 2438 2623 2638 CCTGGGTCAGCTGTCA  49 2133 1157253 2538 2553 2738 2753 CCACGAACTGCTGCTT  46 2134 1157287 2665 2680 2865 2880 CAAATTGCACTCGCTC  66 2135 1157320 2737 2752 2937 2952 ATCCTCTACGCACAAC  58 2136 1157354 2807 2822 3007 3022 CCGACCTCACGGATTT  61 2137 1157388 2885 2900 3085 3100 TCAGTACGAAACTCCC  59 2138 1157421 2962 2977 3162 3177 ATGAGTATAAGCCTGA  45 2139 1157454 3115 3130 3315 3330 ACTGCTTACAGATTTG  39 2140 1157487 3223 3238 3423 3438 TTACACATCCAAACTC  99 2141 1157554 3419 3434 3619 3634 TGAGAACTGCTCTAGT  65 2142 1157586 3569 3584 3769 3784 TCCCTGTTAAGACCAT  73 2143 1157619 3675 3690 3875 3890 GCCAACAGCACAGCGG  92 2144 1157653 3817 3832 4017 4032 ACATTTGGCCTACTCA  54 2145 1157720 4045 4060 4245 4260 TCATTGGGAGTTACTT  43 2146 1157753 4143 4158 4343 4358 GACACTTTCCTTGCCC  52 2147 1157786 4254 4269 4454 4469 CCATAATTGTAGTTAA  93 2148 1157820 4404 4419 4604 4619 AGCTACCATCAGAAGA  66 2149 1157853 4604 4619 4803 4818 ACATTCAAGCTGAACT 105 2150 1157886 4724 4739 4923 4938 CTGCATCTAGGCCATC  35 2151 1157919 4808 4823 5007 5022 CAGGGTTATGCTTATT  25 2152 1157953 4897 4912 5096 5111 GTAGATTCCGTAACTT  27 2153 1157987 5018 5033 5217 5232 TTCGCTTTTATTCTGC  31 2154 1158020 5128 5143 5327 5342 AACATTGGCACACAGC  46 2155 1158053 5215 5230 5414 5429 TGTTAACAGCTGCCTG  61 2156 1158086 5264 5279 5463 5478 AAGCACTTATCCCTAA  75 2157 1158118 5371 5386 5570 5585 TTTAAAAAGGCTCGAT  72 2158 1158151 5481 5496 5680 5695 CAAGGCACTGATCACT  52 2159 1158185 5567 5582 5766 5781 AACATCTGATTCTAAC  73 2160 1158218 5767 5782 5966 5981 CGCAGACAAAGTTTCT  43 2161 1158251 5880 5895 6079 6094 GCCTGGAATTATTATA  69 2162 1158284 5952 5967 6151 6166 TACTCTGATCATAATC  83 2163 1158318 6075 6090 6274 6289 ACTCTAAGATTGTAAG  75 2164 1158352 6171 6186 6370 6385 AGGATGAAATGCCTCT  78 2165 1158385 6273 6288 6472 6487 TGAGTATGCTGATAAA  59 2166 1158418 6431 6446 6630 6645 GCGGGATCAGAACAGT  60 2167 1158450 6509 6524 6708 6723 CAACAATCACTACTCC  84 2168 1158484 6673 6688 6872 6887 ACTAAAGGCTTCAGTC  74 2169 1158515 6878 6893 7077 7092 TGGCCCTTCGCATACG  72 2170 1158547 7026 7041 7225 7240 CCACTGGTGAATTCAA  45 2171 1158581 7142 7157 7341 7356 ACATGCCAGTTACTCC  61 2172 1158613 7273 7288 7472 7487 TGCCACAGGAAGGCTC 110 2173 1158647 7392 7407 7591 7606 TTCCTTCGGATGCTTC  50 2174 1158680 7493 7508 7692 7707 CTCCCCTTCAAGCACC  96 2175 1158714 7642 7657 7841 7856 GCTGCATCGAGGTGAG  76 2176 1158748 7690 7705 7889 7904 TACCTTGAAACCGATT  64 2177 1158814 7839 7854 8038 8053 TACTGGTTTAAGTTGG  33 2178 1158847 7938 7953 8137 8152 CAAAAGCCCTCTCAGC 114 2179 1158880 8034 8049 8233 8248 GAGCATTGGAGATCAG  71 2180 1158912 8189 8204 8388 8403 GGGATTTGAACCCCGT 101 2181 1158945 8322 8337 8521 8536 TGTATATAGTTCAAAG  91 2182 1158979 8402 8417 8601 8616 GACAAGGCAGTTATAT  99 2183 1159012 1001 1016 N/A N/A TTCCGCCGCCTCTTAA  78 2184

TABLE 59 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 1 NO: 1 NO: 2824 NO: 2824 Compound Start Stop Start Stop MALAT1 SEQ Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) ID No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC  92   18  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 112   32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA  37   36 1156476  114  129   80   95 AGCTGAGGCTTCCCGG  88 2185 1156509  236  251  202  217 CACCACCTGGAATGGC  92 2186 1156543  342  357  308  323 TAGGTATGAGCTTCAG  96 2187 1156577  476  491  442  457 TAAGCGAATGGCTTTG  93 2188 1156611  523  538  489  504 AATCGCCATGGAAAGC 104 2189 1156645  591  606  557  572 ACGGCCCGCACGGAAA  84 2190 1156679  696  711  662  677 GCCTCAATCCCACACC  98 2191 1156712  813  828  779  794 TCCTGCGACTTGCTCC  85 2192 1156746  871  886  837  852 TTGCAGGGACGGTTGA 110 2193 1156780  950  965  916  931 TAGTTTACCACCTTTT  85 2194 1156814 N/A N/A  987 1002 TCACAAAACCCCCGGA  84 2195 1156848 N/A N/A 1113 1128 TATGGAACTTGAATGC  76 2196 1156882 1007 1022 1207 1222 ATCACCTTCCGCCGCC  85 2197 1156916 1047 1062 1247 1262 GTATTTATAGACGGAG 100 2198 1156950 1139 1154 1339 1354 CTTATCTGCGGTTTCC  38 2199 1156984 1288 1303 1488 1503 TGCTACTCTTCTAAGT  81 2200 1157017 1462 1477 1662 1677 AGCTGTTTAAGTCACC  38 2201 1157051 1581 1596 1781 1796 GACGCAATTCTCCCTG  73 2202 1157084 1720 1735 1920 1935 TTCTTCGCCTTCCCGT  34 2203 1157118 2064 2079 2264 2279 AATTAAATTGATGGGC  83 2204 1157152 2270 2285 2470 2485 ATTTAAGGCCTTCCAA  70 2205 1157185 2335 2350 2535 2550 TTACTCTTGATCTTGA  34 2206 1157218 2422 2437 2622 2637 CTGGGTCAGCTGTCAA  67 2207 1157252 2537 2552 2737 2752 CACGAACTGCTGCTTG  45 2208 1157286 2664 2679 2864 2879 AAATTGCACTCGCTCC  72 2209 1157319 2736 2751 2936 2951 TCCTCTACGCACAACG  89 2210 1157353 2806 2821 3006 3021 CGACCTCACGGATTTT  84 2211 1157387 2884 2899 3084 3099 CAGTACGAAACTCCCC  70 2212 1157420 2961 2976 3161 3176 TGAGTATAAGCCTGAA  75 2213 1157453 3114 3129 3314 3329 CTGCTTACAGATTTGC  51 2214 1157486 3218 3233 3418 3433 CATCCAAACTCTACAT  77 2215 1157520 3319 3334 3519 3534 TTAGGATTCTAGACAG  57 2216 1157553 3418 3433 3618 3633 GAGAACTGCTCTAGTT  66 2217 1157585 3568 3583 3768 3783 CCCTGTTAAGACCATC  79 2218 1157618 3673 3688 3873 3888 CAACAGCACAGCGGTA 105 2219 1157652 3816 3831 4016 4031 CATTTGGCCTACTCAA  66 2220 1157686 3923 3938 4123 4138 CCACCAATCCCAACCG  74 2221 1157719 4044 4059 4244 4259 CATTGGGAGTTACTTG  68 2222 1157752 4141 4156 4341 4356 CACTTTCCTTGCCCAA  31 2223 1157785 4250 4265 4450 4465 AATTGTAGTTAATGTC  64 2224 1157819 4403 4418 4603 4618 GCTACCATCAGAAGAA  78 2225 1157852 4603 4618 4802 4817 CATTCAAGCTGAACTA  61 2226 1157885 4722 4737 4921 4936 GCATCTAGGCCATCAT  43 2227 1157918 4807 4822 5006 5021 AGGGTTATGCTTATTC  37 2228 1157952 4896 4911 5095 5110 TAGATTCCGTAACTTT  42 2229 1157986 5017 5032 5216 5231 TCGCTTTTATTCTGCT  78 2230 1158019 5126 5141 5325 5340 CATTGGCACACAGCAC  79 2231 1158052 5214 5229 5413 5428 GTTAACAGCTGCCTGC  93 2232 1158085 5263 5278 5462 5477 AGCACTTATCCCTAAC  60 2233 1158117 5370 5385 5569 5584 TTAAAAAGGCTCGATG  79 2234 1158150 5477 5492 5676 5691 GCACTGATCACTTTAG  37 2235 1158184 5564 5579 5763 5778 ATCTGATTCTAACAGC  60 2236 1158217 5747 5762 5946 5961 GATTAGAGAAGAATCC  86 2237 1158250 5876 5891 6075 6090 GGAATTATTATATGCT  46 2238 1158283 5951 5966 6150 6165 ACTCTGATCATAATCT  65 2239 1158317 6074 6089 6273 6288 CTCTAAGATTGTAAGC  84 2240 1158351 6170 6185 6369 6384 GGATGAAATGCCTCTG  76 2241 1158384 6272 6287 6471 6486 GAGTATGCTGATAAAC  63 2242 1158417 6430 6445 6629 6644 CGGGATCAGAACAGTA  76 2243 1158449 6508 6523 6707 6722 AACAATCACTACTCCA  74 2244 1158483 6672 6687 6871 6886 CTAAAGGCTTCAGTCC  77 2245 1158514 6855 6870 7054 7069 GCTGAGTGTTCCTGCA  78 2246 1158546 7022 7037 7221 7236 TGGTGAATTCAACTGG  67 2247 1158580 7141 7156 7340 7355 CATGCCAGTTACTCCA  67 2248 1158612 7269 7284 7468 7483 ACAGGAAGGCTCCATG  75 2249 1158646 7391 7406 7590 7605 TCCTTCGGATGCTTCA  44 2250 1158679 7492 7507 7691 7706 TCCCCTTCAAGCACCG  81 2251 1158713 7640 7655 7839 7854 TGCATCGAGGTGAGGG  79 2252 1158747 7689 7704 7888 7903 ACCTTGAAACCGATTA  55 2253 1158780 7761 7776 7960 7975 TAACAATTTGCAGGCA  40 2254 1158813 7837 7852 8036 8051 CTGGTTTAAGTTGGTT  39 2255 1158846 7935 7950 8134 8149 AAGCCCTCTCAGCCAC  62 2256 1158879 8033 8048 8232 8247 AGCATTGGAGATCAGC  64 2257 1158911 8188 8203 8387 8402 GGATTTGAACCCCGTC  70 2258 1158944 8314 8329 8513 8528 GTTCAAAGATATTGTG 100 2259 1158978 8398 8413 8597 8612 AGGCAGTTATATTAGG  74 2260 1159011 1000 1015 N/A N/A TCCGCCGCCTCTTAAA  74 2261

TABLE 60 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 1 NO: 1 NO: 2824 NO: 2824 Compound Start Stop Start Stop MALAT1 SEQ Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) ID No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC  83   18  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG  99   32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA  27   36 1156474   99  114   65   80 GCGCCGGGCTTCTGCG  71 2262 1156507  232  247  198  213 ACCTGGAATGGCCAGC  79 2263 1156541  339  354  305  320 GTATGAGCTTCAGACC 106 2264 1156575  474  489  440  455 AGCGAATGGCTTTGTC  95 2265 1156609  520  535  486  501 CGCCATGGAAAGCGAG  80 2266 1156643  588  603  554  569 GCCCGCACGGAAATTT  77 2267 1156677  673  688  639  654 TGCTCCCCGCCTGAGC  76 2268 1156710  811  826  777  792 CTGCGACTTGCTCCCA  90 2269 1156744  869  884  835  850 GCAGGGACGGTTGAGA  92 2270 1156778  948  963  914  929 GTTTACCACCTTTTGA  97 2271 1156812 N/A N/A  985 1000 ACAAAACCCCCGGAAC 253 2272 1156846 N/A N/A 1111 1126 TGGAACTTGAATGCAA  90 2273 1156880 N/A N/A 1203 1218 CCTTCCGCCGCCTTTG  79 2274 1156914 1044 1059 1244 1259 TTTATAGACGGAGAAC 106 2275 1156948 1136 1151 1336 1351 ATCTGCGGTTTCCTCA  42 2276 1156982 1247 1262 1447 1462 AGCTATTAAAATTACG  78 2277 1157015 1459 1474 1659 1674 TGTTTAAGTCACCTTC  26 2278 1157049 1565 1580 1765 1780 CGTCATGGATTTCAAG  60 2279 1157082 1717 1732 1917 1932 TTCGCCTTCCCGTACT  37 2280 1157116 2062 2077 2262 2277 TTAAATTGATGGGCTT  78 2281 1157150 2213 2228 2413 2428 TTAAATTACACCAGTC  50 2282 1157183 2333 2348 2533 2548 ACTCTTGATCTTGAAT  57 2283 1157216 2414 2429 2614 2629 GCTGTCAATTAATGCT  76 2284 1157250 2535 2550 2735 2750 CGAACTGCTGCTTGCT  60 2285 1157284 2661 2676 2861 2876 TTGCACTCGCTCCTTC  67 2286 1157317 2721 2736 2921 2936 GCCTGCTCGCCTCCTC  59 2287 1157351 2802 2817 3002 3017 CTCACGGATTTTTACC  93 2288 1157385 2882 2897 3082 3097 GTACGAAACTCCCCCA  62 2289 1157418 2942 2957 3142 3157 GAGAAACCTACAACAC  89 2290 1157451 3100 3115 3300 3315 GCTGAAATTGTCTCAA  55 2291 1157484 3202 3217 3402 3417 TTACAAAACGAATTCA  90 2292 1157518 3317 3332 3517 3532 AGGATTCTAGACAGAC  28 2293 1157551 3411 3426 3611 3626 GCTCTAGTTTCTATAA  73 2294 1157583 3566 3581 3766 3781 CTGTTAAGACCATCCC  54 2295 1157616 3670 3685 3870 3885 CAGCACAGCGGTACAC  93 2296 1157650 3812 3827 4012 4027 TGGCCTACTCAAGCTC 108 2297 1157684 3921 3936 4121 4136 ACCAATCCCAACCGTA  82 2298 1157717 4042 4057 4242 4257 TTGGGAGTTACTTGCC  30 2299 1157750 4130 4145 4330 4345 CCCAAATTAATGCACT  49 2300 1157783 4247 4262 4447 4462 TGTAGTTAATGTCAGC  33 2301 1157817 4390 4405 4590 4605 GAAATCCCTTCAGGAT  86 2302 1157850 4599 4614 4798 4813 CAAGCTGAACTATCAC  73 2303 1157883 4719 4734 4918 4933 TCTAGGCCATCATACT  60 2304 1157916 4805 4820 5004 5019 GGTTATGCTTATTCCC  63 2305 1157950 4894 4909 5093 5108 GATTCCGTAACTTTAA  31 2306 1157984 4984 4999 5183 5198 TTGAGATGGACATTGC  13 2307 1158017 5106 5121 5305 5320 TCCTCAATCCACTTGA  56 2308 1158050 5173 5188 5372 5387 AGCAACTCTTCTGATA  70 2309 1158083 5261 5276 5460 5475 CACTTATCCCTAACAT  90 2310 1158115 5368 5383 5567 5582 AAAAAGGCTCGATGGA  48 2311 1158148 5475 5490 5674 5689 ACTGATCACTTTAGAG  64 2312 1158182 5560 5575 5759 5774 GATTCTAACAGCACAT  69 2313 1158215 5744 5759 5943 5958 TAGAGAAGAATCCCCC  66 2314 1158248 5863 5878 6062 6077 GCTCATCACTTTATGA  90 2315 1158281 5949 5964 6148 6163 TCTGATCATAATCTCC  61 2316 1158315 6072 6087 6271 6286 CTAAGATTGTAAGCAT  72 2317 1158349 6117 6132 6316 6331 CCCTTCCCTATATAAG  95 2318 1158382 6267 6282 6466 6481 TGCTGATAAACTCACT  54 2319 1158415 6422 6437 6621 6636 GAACAGTACTGCATTT  72 2320 1158447 6505 6520 6704 6719 AATCACTACTCCAAGC  71 2321 1158481 6609 6624 6808 6823 CCAGCAAAATGTACTC  54 2322 1158512 6851 6866 7050 7065 AGTGTTCCTGCATGTA  69 2323 1158544 7020 7035 7219 7234 GTGAATTCAACTGGAA  50 2324 1158578 7135 7150 7334 7349 AGTTACTCCAGCATAA  69 2325 1158610 7264 7279 7463 7478 AAGGCTCCATGGTTGT  68 2326 1158644 7389 7404 7588 7603 CTTCGGATGCTTCACT  67 2327 1158677 7490 7505 7689 7704 CCCTTCAAGCACCGCT  72 2328 11587111 7616 7631 7815 7830 TCTGTGCTAGATCAAA  39 2329 1158745 7687 7702 7886 7901 CTTGAAACCGATTATG  62 2330 1158778 7752 7767 7951 7966 GCAGGCAAATTAATGG  55 2331 1158811 7831 7846 8030 8045 TAAGTTGGTTTTAGTC  22 2332 1158844 7924 7939 8123 8138 GCCACTCAAATGCCTA  82 2333 1158877 8030 8045 8229 8244 ATTGGAGATCAGCTTC  48 2334 1158909 8186 8201 8385 8400 ATTTGAACCCCGTCCT  69 2335 1158942 8310 8325 8509 8524 AAAGATATTGTGCTGT  89 2336 1158976 8396 8411 8595 8610 GCAGTTATATTAGGTT  85 2337 1159009 997 1012 N/A N/A GCCGCCTCTTAAAGCA 111 2338

TABLE 61 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 1 NO: 1 NO: 2824 NO: 2824 Compound Start Stop Start Stop MALAT1 SEQ Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) ID No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC  82   18  556094 6674 6689 6873 6888 GACTAAAGGCTTCAGT  85 2339  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 108   32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA  39   36  568456 3118 3133 3318 3333 CAAACTGCTTACAGAT  69 2340 1156478  120  135   86  101 CAGGCGAGCTGAGGCT  93 2341 1156511  243  258  209  224 TAAATACCACCACCTG  98 2342 1156545  344  359  310  325 GTTAGGTATGAGCTTC  85 2343 1156579  478  493  444  459 ACTAAGCGAATGGCTT 109 2344 1156613  525  540  491  506 CAAATCGCCATGGAAA  86 2345 1156647  593  608  559  574 CCACGGCCCGCACGGA  94 2346 1156681  711  726  677  692 CCACTCTTGGAAAACG  77 2347 1156714  818  833  784  799 TGCAGTCCTGCGACTT  85 2348 1156748  875  890  841  856 AGCCTTGCAGGGACGG 121 2349 1156782  952  967  918  933 TATAGTTTACCACCTT  86 2350 1156816 N/A N/A  989 1004 CCTCACAAAACCCCCG 113 2351 1156850 N/A N/A 1115 1130 CTTATGGAACTTGAAT 105 2352 1156884 1011 1026 1211 1226 TTCGATCACCTTCCGC  88 2353 1156918 1062 1077 1262 1277 CAGCTCGGGCGAGGCG  87 2354 1156952 1141 1156 1341 1356 AACTTATCTGCGGTTT  94 2355 1156986 1293 1308 1493 1508 CCTCATGCTACTCTTC  46 2356 1157019 1492 1507 1692 1707 AATCACCTACAACTTT  74 2357 1157053 1583 1598 1783 1798 ATGACGCAATTCTCCC  85 2358 1157086 1727 1742 1927 1942 TATTCTTTTCTTCGCC  51 2359 1157120 2080 2095 2280 2295 CTTCTGCACCACCAGA  87 2360 1157154 2273 2288 2473 2488 TATATTTAAGGCCTTC  55 2361 1157187 2337 2352 2537 2552 AATTACTCTTGATCTT  49 2362 1157220 2424 2439 2624 2639 ACCTGGGTCAGCTGTC  86 2363 1157254 2539 2554 2739 2754 ACCACGAACTGCTGCT  48 2364 1157288 2666 2681 2866 2881 CCAAATTGCACTCGCT  64 2365 1157321 2739 2754 2939 2954 GGATCCTCTACGCACA  81 2366 1157355 2808 2823 3008 3023 GCCGACCTCACGGATT  55 2367 1157389 2886 2901 3086 3101 CTCAGTACGAAACTCC  70 2368 1157422 2963 2978 3163 3178 CATGAGTATAAGCCTG  50 2369 1157488 3226 3241 3426 3441 CAGTTACACATCCAAA  55 2370 1157521 3321 3336 3521 3536 CTTTAGGATTCTAGAC  93 2371 1157555 3420 3435 3620 3635 GTGAGAACTGCTCTAG  64 2372 1157587 3624 3639 3824 3839 TATAGCATCTGTGGAA  80 2373 1157620 3676 3691 3876 3891 TGCCAACAGCACAGCG  99 2374 1157654 3818 3833 4018 4033 AACATTTGGCCTACTC  58 2375 1157687 3937 3952 4137 4152 TACCTAAACCCACCCC  94 2376 1157721 4046 4061 4246 4261 ATCATTGGGAGTTACT  46 2377 1157754 4144 4159 4344 4359 TGACACTTTCCTTGCC  34 2378 1157787 4255 4270 4455 4470 CCCATAATTGTAGTTA  55 2379 1157821 4410 4425 4610 4625 TACAAAAGCTACCATC  88 2380 1157854 4605 4620 4804 4819 GACATTCAAGCTGAAC  47 2381 1157887 4726 4741 4925 4940 CTCTGCATCTAGGCCA  60 2382 1157920 4809 4824 5008 5023 TCAGGGTTATGCTTAT  36 2383 1157954 4898 4913 5097 5112 GGTAGATTCCGTAACT  40 2384 1157988 5045 5060 5244 5259 TAATGTAGTGTAACAT  71 2385 1158021 5132 5147 5331 5346 ACGAAACATTGGCACA  38 2386 1158054 5216 5231 5415 5430 CTGTTAACAGCTGCCT  48 2387 1158087 5266 5281 5465 5480 ATAAGCACTTATCCCT  50 2388 1158119 5372 5387 5571 5586 TTTTAAAAAGGCTCGA  88 2389 1158152 5482 5497 5681 5696 TCAAGGCACTGATCAC  51 2390 1158186 5571 5586 5770 5785 CAGTAACATCTGATTC  43 2391 1158219 5768 5783 5967 5982 TCGCAGACAAAGTTTC  69 2392 1158252 5882 5897 6081 6096 GTGCCTGGAATTATTA  61 2393 1158285 5957 5972 6156 6171 CCTTTTACTCTGATCA  44 2394 1158319 6076 6091 6275 6290 CACTCTAAGATTGTAA  67 2395 1158353 6173 6188 6372 6387 GAAGGATGAAATGCCT  93 2396 1158386 6274 6289 6473 6488 TTGAGTATGCTGATAA  39 2397 1158419 6432 6447 6631 6646 AGCGGGATCAGAACAG  57 2398 1158451 6510 6525 6709 6724 TCAACAATCACTACTC  84 2399 1158516 6898 6913 7097 7112 CTTACTGGGTCTGGCT  59 2400 1158548 7033 7048 7232 7247 ATTTTGTCCACTGGTG  50 2401 1158582 7145 7160 7344 7359 CTCACATGCCAGTTAC  49 2402 1158614 7289 7304 7488 7503 GCTTTGTTGTCTCTCC   7 2403 1158648 7394 7409 7593 7608 CATTCCTTCGGATGCT  62 2404 1158681 7512 7527 7711 7726 GCCCGCTTTCCCCCTT 129 2405 1158715 7648 7663 7847 7862 CTACTGGCTGCATCGA  46 2406 1158749 7691 7706 7890 7905 TTACCTTGAAACCGAT  69 2407 1158781 7763 7778 7962 7977 GTTAACAATTTGCAGG  60 2408 1158815 7840 7855 8039 8054 TTACTGGTTTAAGTTG  76 2409 1158848 7940 7955 8139 8154 CCCAAAAGCCCTCTCA  88 2410 1158881 8035 8050 8234 8249 AGAGCATTGGAGATCA  80 2411 1158913 8190 8205 8389 8404 AGGGATTTGAACCCCG 103 2412 1158946 8324 8339 8523 8538 GATGTATATAGTTCAA  93 2413 1158980 8419 8434 8618 8633 GGCTATTACCTGAAAA  94 2414 1159013 1002 1017 N/A N/A CTTCCGCCGCCTCTTA  91 2415

TABLE 62 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 1 NO: 1 NO: 2824 NO: 2824 Compound Start Stop Start Stop MALAT1 SEQ Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) ID No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC  87   18  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 123   32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA  45   36  946419 6899 6914 7098 7113 TCTTACTGGGTCTGGC  55 2416 1156479  121  136   87  102 TCAGGCGAGCTGAGGC  93 2417 1156512  244  259  210  225 CTAAATACCACCACCT  88 2418 1156546  345  360  311  326 GGTTAGGTATGAGCTT  92 2419 1156580  480  495  446  461 CAACTAAGCGAATGGC  76 2420 1156614  526  541  492  507 GCAAATCGCCATGGAA  79 2421 1156648  594  609  560  575 CCCACGGCCCGCACGG  86 2422 1156682  717  732  683  698 GAAAACCCACTCTTGG  90 2423 1156715  825  840  791  806 AACTGCTTGCAGTCCT  95 2424 1156749  889  904  855  870 CGCAACTGAGCCCCAG  82 2425 1156783  953  968  919  934 GTATAGTTTACCACCT  91 2426 1156817 N/A N/A  999 1014 TCATCAAACACCTCAC 108 2427 1156851 N/A N/A 1116 1131 GCTTATGGAACTTGAA  90 2428 1156885 1012 1027 1212 1227 ATTCGATCACCTTCCG  81 2429 1156919 1064 1079 1264 1279 CACAGCTCGGGCGAGG  75 2430 1156953 1142 1157 1342 1357 AAACTTATCTGCGGTT  81 2431 1156987 1327 1342 1527 1542 CCGTCATGTTTTAGAA  42 2432 1157020 1510 1525 1710 1725 TCGCCTTCAAATTATT  65 2433 1157054 1584 1599 1784 1799 AATGACGCAATTCTCC  79 2434 1157087 1728 1743 1928 1943 CTATTCTTTTCTTCGC  63 2435 1157121 2084 2099 2284 2299 CTAACTTCTGCACCAC  62 2436 1157155 2274 2289 2474 2489 CTATATTTAAGGCCTT  74 2437 1157188 2338 2353 2538 2553 TAATTACTCTTGATCT  52 2438 1157221 2425 2440 2625 2640 CACCTGGGTCAGCTGT  75 2439 1157255 2540 2555 2740 2755 CACCACGAACTGCTGC  81 2440 1157289 2667 2682 2867 2882 ACCAAATTGCACTCGC  60 2441 1157322 2741 2756 2941 2956 TAGGATCCTCTACGCA  77 2442 1157356 2809 2824 3009 3024 TGCCGACCTCACGGAT  76 2443 1157390 2887 2902 3087 3102 CCTCAGTACGAAACTC  84 2444 1157423 2966 2981 3166 3181 ATTCATGAGTATAAGC  71 2445 1157455 3119 3134 3319 3334 ACAAACTGCTTACAGA  83 2446 1157489 3228 3243 3428 3443 CTCAGTTACACATCCA  30 2447 1157522 3323 3338 3523 3538 GCCTTTAGGATTCTAG  70 2448 1157556 3421 3436 3621 3636 CGTGAGAACTGCTCTA  63 2449 1157588 3625 3640 3825 3840 CTATAGCATCTGTGGA  71 2450 1157621 3692 3707 3892 3907 TCCCTGAAGGTGTTCG  82 2451 1157655 3819 3834 4019 4034 CAACATTTGGCCTACT  83 2452 1157688 3938 3953 4138 4153 TTACCTAAACCCACCC  62 2453 1157722 4047 4062 4247 4262 AATCATTGGGAGTTAC  76 2454 1157755 4146 4161 4346 4361 TATGACACTTTCCTTG  75 2455 1157788 4256 4271 4456 4471 TCCCATAATTGTAGTT  73 2456 1157822 4422 4437 4622 4637 CTTACTTGATAATACA  65 2457 1157855 4610 4625 4809 4824 TAAGAGACATTCAAGC  83 2458 1157888 4744 4759 4943 4958 TCACCAAGGAGCTGTT  88 2459 1157921 4810 4825 5009 5024 CTCAGGGTTATGCTTA  60 2460 1157955 4900 4915 5099 5114 ATGGTAGATTCCGTAA  86 2461 1157989 5046 5061 5245 5260 TTAATGTAGTGTAACA  70 2462 1158022 5133 5148 5332 5347 AACGAAACATTGGCAC  52 2463 1158055 5217 5232 5416 5431 TCTGTTAACAGCTGCC  49 2464 1158088 5267 5282 5466 5481 AATAAGCACTTATCCC  69 2465 1158120 5373 5388 5572 5587 ATTTTAAAAAGGCTCG  73 2466 1158153 5483 5498 5682 5697 ATCAAGGCACTGATCA  77 2467 1158187 5572 5587 5771 5786 GCAGTAACATCTGATT  43 2468 1158220 5769 5784 5968 5983 TTCGCAGACAAAGTTT  78 2469 1158253 5885 5900 6084 6099 CATGTGCCTGGAATTA  74 2470 1158286 5958 5973 6157 6172 ACCTTTTACTCTGATC  66 2471 1158320 6077 6092 6276 6291 CCACTCTAAGATTGTA  60 2472 1158354 6174 6189 6373 6388 TGAAGGATGAAATGCC  71 2473 1158387 6275 6290 6474 6489 TTTGAGTATGCTGATA  53 2474 1158420 6433 6448 6632 6647 CAGCGGGATCAGAACA  77 2475 1158452 6512 6527 6711 6726 CTTCAACAATCACTAC  98 2476 1158485 6675 6690 6874 6889 AGACTAAAGGCTTCAG  88 2477 1158549 7055 7070 7254 7269 AGCTTGTTCACCTGTT  63 2478 1158583 7146 7161 7345 7360 GCTCACATGCCAGTTA  68 2479 1158615 7290 7305 7489 7504 CGCTTTGTTGTCTCTC  13 2480 1158649 7396 7411 7595 7610 AGCATTCCTTCGGATG  86 2481 1158682 7514 7529 7713 7728 TTGCCCGCTTTCCCCC  81 2482 1158716 7649 7664 7848 7863 GCTACTGGCTGCATCG  57 2483 1158750 7692 7707 7891 7906 GTTACCTTGAAACCGA  53 2484 1158782 7764 7779 7963 7978 TGTTAACAATTTGCAG  80 2485 1158816 7842 7857 8041 8056 ACTTACTGGTTTAAGT 103 2486 1158849 7941 7956 8140 8155 ACCCAAAAGCCCTCTC  87 2487 1158882 8036 8051 8235 8250 AAGAGCATTGGAGATC  67 2488 1158914 8193 8208 8392 8407 CGCAGGGATTTGAACC  85 2489 1158947 8325 8340 8524 8539 GGATGTATATAGTTCA  70 2490 1158981 8420 8435 8619 8634 AGGCTATTACCTGAAA 105 2491 1159014 1003 1018 N/A N/A CCTTCCGCCGCCTCTT  97 2492

TABLE 63 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 1 NO: 1 NO: 2824 NO: 2824 Compound Start Stop Start Stop MALAT1 SEQ Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) ID No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC  80   18  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 112   32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA  40   36  568447 2339 2354 2539 2554 GTAATTACTCTTGATC  53 2493 1156480  123  138   89  104 CTTCAGGCGAGCTGAG 104 2494 1156513  248  263  214  229 TTATCTAAATACCACC  98 2495 1156547  346  361  312  327 TGGTTAGGTATGAGCT  96 2496 1156581  481  496  447  462 CCAACTAAGCGAATGG  82 2497 1156615  527  542  493  508 GGCAAATCGCCATGGA  78 2498 1156649  595  610  561  576 CCCCACGGCCCGCACG 109 2499 1156683  718  733  684  699 TGAAAACCCACTCTTG 100 2500 1156716  827  842  793  808 CCAACTGCTTGCAGTC  75 2501 1156750  890  905  856  871 ACGCAACTGAGCCCCA 144 2502 1156784  955  970  921  936 AGGTATAGTTTACCAC 107 2503 1156818 N/A N/A 1004 1019 ACGGGTCATCAAACAC  86 2504 1156852 N/A N/A 1117 1132 AGCTTATGGAACTTGA  84 2505 1156886 1013 1028 1213 1228 AATTCGATCACCTTCC  84 2506 1156920 1065 1080 1265 1280 GCACAGCTCGGGCGAG 120 2507 1156954 1143 1158 1343 1358 AAAACTTATCTGCGGT  46 2508 1156988 1328 1343 1528 1543 TCCGTCATGTTTTAGA  50 2509 1157021 1511 1526 1711 1726 ATCGCCTTCAAATTAT  40 2510 1157055 1586 1601 1786 1801 TAAATGACGCAATTCT  92 2511 1157088 1805 1820 2005 2020 GCTTCCTACTTTTCAG  56 2512 1157122 2086 2101 2286 2301 TTCTAACTTCTGCACC  67 2513 1157156 2275 2290 2475 2490 ACTATATTTAAGGCCT  60 2514 1157222 2427 2442 2627 2642 AGCACCTGGGTCAGCT 105 2515 1157256 2543 2558 2743 2758 CTTCACCACGAACTGC  57 2516 1157290 2668 2683 2868 2883 CACCAAATTGCACTCG  46 2517 1157323 2742 2757 2942 2957 CTAGGATCCTCTACGC  89 2518 1157357 2810 2825 3010 3025 TTGCCGACCTCACGGA N.D. 2519 1157391 2891 2906 3091 3106 TACACCTCAGTACGAA  72 2520 1157424 2967 2982 3167 3182 GATTCATGAGTATAAG  50 2521 1157456 3120 3135 3320 3335 TACAAACTGCTTACAG  61 2522 1157490 3229 3244 3429 3444 CCTCAGTTACACATCC  51 2523 1157523 3324 3339 3524 3539 TGCCTTTAGGATTCTA  55 2524 1157557 3436 3451 3636 3651 TTCCACAGACCTCAAC 104 2525 1157589 3626 3641 3826 3841 ACTATAGCATCTGTGG  91 2526 1157622 3693 3708 3893 3908 GTCCCTGAAGGTGTTC  77 2527 1157656 3820 3835 4020 4035 TCAACATTTGGCCTAC  79 2528 1157689 3939 3954 4139 4154 ATTACCTAAACCCACC 110 2529 1157723 4048 4063 4248 4263 AAATCATTGGGAGTTA  76 2530 1157756 4156 4171 4356 4371 AGTATCAAATTATGAC N.D. 2531 1157789 4257 4272 4457 4472 TTCCCATAATTGTAGT  82 2532 1157823 4423 4438 4623 4638 TCTTACTTGATAATAC  90 2533 1157856 4611 4626 4810 4825 CTAAGAGACATTCAAG  73 2534 1157889 4745 4760 4944 4959 TTCACCAAGGAGCTGT  63 2535 1157922 4811 4826 5010 5025 TCTCAGGGTTATGCTT  41 2536 1157956 4901 4916 5100 5115 AATGGTAGATTCCGTA  53 2537 1157990 5048 5063 5247 5262 GATTAATGTAGTGTAA  77 2538 1158023 5134 5149 5333 5348 AAACGAAACATTGGCA  54 2539 1158056 5218 5233 5417 5432 ATCTGTTAACAGCTGC  29 2540 1158089 5268 5283 5467 5482 AAATAAGCACTTATCC  82 2541 1158121 5385 5400 5584 5599 ACAAGTCCTACAATTT  69 2542 1158154 5484 5499 5683 5698 CATCAAGGCACTGATC  87 2543 1158188 5573 5588 5772 5787 AGCAGTAACATCTGAT  59 2544 1158221 5770 5785 5969 5984 GTTCGCAGACAAAGTT  64 2545 1158254 5893 5908 6092 6107 TCTATTGCCATGTGCC  59 2546 1158287 5959 5974 6158 6173 TACCTTTTACTCTGAT  58 2547 1158321 6078 6093 6277 6292 ACCACTCTAAGATTGT 111 2548 1158355 6190 6205 6389 6404 ATCCTGAATGGCTTCA 100 2549 1158388 6278 6293 6477 6492 AATTTTGAGTATGCTG  46 2550 1158421 6434 6449 6633 6648 GCAGCGGGATCAGAAC  66 2551 1158453 6534 6549 6733 6748 TATCACTCAGCTGGAT  66 2552 1158486 6676 6691 6875 6890 AAGACTAAAGGCTTCA  79 2553 1158517 6920 6935 7119 7134 TAAAGTAAATAGGCTA  79 2554 1158550 7058 7073 7257 7272 AAAAGCTTGTTCACCT  79 2555 1158584 7148 7163 7347 7362 TTGCTCACATGCCAGT  60 2556 1158616 7304 7319 7503 7518 CCTTAGGATAATAGCG  40 2557 1158650 7397 7412 7596 7611 AAGCATTCCTTCGGAT 108 2558 1158683 7520 7535 7719 7734 AAGTGGTTGCCCGCTT  78 2559 1158717 7650 7665 7849 7864 AGCTACTGGCTGCATC N.D. 2560 1158751 7693 7708 7892 7907 CGTTACCTTGAAACCG  64 2561 1158783 7773 7788 7972 7987 ATACCCTTCTGTTAAC  98 2562 1158817 7844 7859 8043 8058 CCACTTACTGGTTTAA  67 2563 1158850 7942 7957 8141 8156 CACCCAAAAGCCCTCT  83 2564 1158883 8037 8052 8236 8251 GAAGAGCATTGGAGAT  51 2565 1158915 8194 8209 8393 8408 CCGCAGGGATTTGAAC  98 2566 1158948 8326 8341 8525 8540 AGGATGTATATAGTTC  98 2567 1158982 8421 8436 8620 8635 CAGGCTATTACCTGAA 114 2568 1159015 1004 1019 N/A N/A ACCTTCCGCCGCCTCT  67 2569

TABLE 64 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 1 NO: 1 NO: 2824 NO: 2824 Compound Start Stop Start Stop MALAT1 SEQ Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) ID No.  395254 4843 4862 5042 5061 GGCATATGCAGATAATGTTC  97   18  559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG 141   32  559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA  52   36  567926 4746 4761 4945 4960 ATTCACCAAGGAGCTG  61 2570  568506 8195 8210 8394 8409 GCCGCAGGGATTTGAA  69 2571 1156481  130  145   96  111 GACCTGCCTTCAGGCG N.D. 2572 1156514  251  266  217  232 GTTTTATCTAAATACC  71 2573 1156548  347  362  313  328 CTGGTTAGGTATGAGC  97 2574 1156582  482  497  448  463 ACCAACTAAGCGAATG 112 2575 1156616  528  543  494  509 AGGCAAATCGCCATGG  95 2576 1156650  597  612  563  578 CCCCCCACGGCCCGCA  74 2577 1156684  719  734  685  700 GTGAAAACCCACTCTT  90 2578 1156717  828  843  794  809 CCCAACTGCTTGCAGT  91 2579 1156751  891  906  857  872 TACGCAACTGAGCCCC 100 2580 1156785  956  971  922  937 TAGGTATAGTTTACCA  98 2581 1156819 N/A N/A 1005 1020 AACGGGTCATCAAACA 125 2582 1156853 N/A N/A 1118 1133 CAGCTTATGGAACTTG 133 2583 1156887 1014 1029 1214 1229 GAATTCGATCACCTTC 101 2584 1156921 1067 1082 1267 1282 CCGCACAGCTCGGGCG  86 2585 1156955 1144 1159 1344 1359 AAAAACTTATCTGCGG  51 2586 1156989 1329 1344 1529 1544 CTCCGTCATGTTTTAG  33 2587 1157022 1512 1527 1712 1727 GATCGCCTTCAAATTA  61 2588 1157056 1587 1602 1787 1802 TTAAATGACGCAATTC  96 2589 1157089 1831 1846 2031 2046 GTTTCCTAGCTTGTCT  43 2590 1157123 2089 2104 2289 2304 ACCTTCTAACTTCTGC  36 2591 1157157 2276 2291 2476 2491 TACTATATTTAAGGCC  99 2592 1157189 2340 2355 2540 2555 GGTAATTACTCTTGAT  50 2593 1157223 2431 2446 2631 2646 GTGTAGCACCTGGGTC  36 2594 1157257 2545 2560 2745 2760 ATCTTCACCACGAACT  78 2595 1157291 2669 2684 2869 2884 TCACCAAATTGCACTC  79 2596 1157324 2743 2758 2943 2958 TCTAGGATCCTCTACG 124 2597 1157358 2813 2828 3013 3028 ATATTGCCGACCTCAC  74 2598 1157392 2892 2907 3092 3107 TTACACCTCAGTACGA  85 2599 1157425 2970 2985 3170 3185 CAAGATTCATGAGTAT  66 2600 1157457 3121 3136 3321 3336 ATACAAACTGCTTACA 130 2601 1157491 3233 3248 3433 3448 CCCGCCTCAGTTACAC  96 2602 1157524 3332 3347 3532 3547 GAGTCATTTGCCTTTA  27 2603 1157558 3445 3460 3645 3660 GGACATCTCTTCCACA  76 2604 1157590 3627 3642 3827 3842 TACTATAGCATCTGTG 107 2605 1157623 3694 3709 3894 3909 AGTCCCTGAAGGTGTT  72 2606 1157657 3822 3837 4022 4037 CTTCAACATTTGGCCT  82 2607 1157690 3940 3955 4140 4155 AATTACCTAAACCCAC 100 2608 1157724 4049 4064 4249 4264 TAAATCATTGGGAGTT  62 2609 1157757 4183 4198 4383 4398 CTCTATACTTTGAAGG  80 2610 1157790 4261 4276 4461 4476 GCATTTCCCATAATTG  54 2611 1157824 4426 4441 4626 4641 GAATCTTACTTGATAA  87 2612 1157857 4613 4628 4812 4827 CTCTAAGAGACATTCA  77 2613 1157923 4814 4829 5013 5028 GAATCTCAGGGTTATG  43 2614 1157957 4902 4917 5101 5116 AAATGGTAGATTCCGT  40 2615 1157991 5049 5064 5248 5263 GGATTAATGTAGTGTA  14 2616 1158024 5135 5150 5334 5349 CAAACGAAACATTGGC  69 2617 1158057 5219 5234 5418 5433 TATCTGTTAACAGCTG  59 2618 1158090 5285 5300 5484 5499 AACTCCACAGCTCTTA N.D. 2619 1158122 5387 5402 5586 5601 GAACAAGTCCTACAAT  68 2620 1158155 5485 5500 5684 5699 GCATCAAGGCACTGAT  65 2621 1158189 5574 5589 5773 5788 TAGCAGTAACATCTGA  54 2622 1158222 5772 5787 5971 5986 GTGTTCGCAGACAAAG  90 2623 1158255 5894 5909 6093 6108 CTCTATTGCCATGTGC  43 2624 1158288 5991 6006 6190 6205 ACCCCTGACTTTCTGG  82 2625 1158322 6079 6094 6278 6293 TACCACTCTAAGATTG  95 2626 1158356 6194 6209 6393 6408 CAAAATCCTGAATGGC  90 2627 1158389 6323 6338 6522 6537 GTAAGCCCCACCCCCT 135 2628 1158422 6435 6450 6634 6649 AGCAGCGGGATCAGAA  81 2629 1158454 6536 6551 6735 6750 TTTATCACTCAGCTGG  47 2630 1158487 6694 6709 6893 6908 TTAAGGTTGCATCTGG  35 2631 1158518 6966 6981 7165 7180 TAGTGGTTCCCAATCC  86 2632 1158551 7060 7075 7259 7274 GAAAAAGCTTGTTCAC  72 2633 1158585 7151 7166 7350 7365 AGTTTGCTCACATGCC  35 2634 1158617 7305 7320 7504 7519 ACCTTAGGATAATAGC  61 2635 1158651 7398 7413 7597 7612 CAAGCATTCCTTCGGA  75 2636 1158684 7521 7536 7720 7735 AAAGTGGTTGCCCGCT  85 2637 1158718 7653 7668 7852 7867 CCAAGCTACTGGCTGC  77 2638 1158752 7707 7722 7906 7921 GACCTCGACACCATCG  56 2639 1158784 7774 7789 7973 7988 AATACCCTTCTGTTAA  84 2640 1158818 7870 7885 8069 8084 TTACAGTTCTTGAACA  75 2641 1158851 7947 7962 8146 8161 ATTCCCACCCAAAAGC N.D. 2642 1158884 8039 8054 8238 8253 CTGAAGAGCATTGGAG  50 2643 1158949 8327 8342 8526 8541 AAGGATGTATATAGTT  79 2644 1158983 8422 8437 8621 8636 GCAGGCTATTACCTGA  81 2645 1159016 1005 1020 N/A N/A CACCTTCCGCCGCCTC  72 2646

Example 14: Design of Gapmers with 2′-O Methyl Modifications Complementary to Human MALAT1 RNA

Modified oligonucleotides complementary to human a MALAT1 nucleic acid were designed. The modified oligonucleotides in the table below are 3-10-3 cET gapmers. The gapmers are 16 nucleosides in length, wherein the central gap segment comprises of a combination of one 2′-O-methyl nucleoside and nine 2′-deoxynucleosides. The central gap segment is flanked by wing segments on the 5′ direction and the 3′ direction comprising three nucleosides each. Each nucleoside in the 5′ wing segment and each nucleoside in the 3′ wing segment has a cEt sugar modification. The internucleoside linkages throughout each gapmer are phosphorothioate (P═S) linkages. The sequence and chemical notation column specifies the sequence, including 5-methylcytosines, sugar chemistry, and the internucleoside linkage chemistry; wherein subscript ‘d’ represents a 2′13-D-deoxyribosyl sugar moiety, subscript ‘k’ represents a cET sugar moiety, subscript ‘s’ represents to a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, superscript ‘m’ before the cytosine residue represents a 5-methylcytosine, and subscript ‘y’ represents a 2′-OMe sugar moiety. “Start site” indicates the 5′-most nucleoside to which the gapmer is complementary in the human nucleic acid sequence. “Stop site” indicates the 3′-most nucleoside to which the gapmer is complementary in the human nucleic acid sequence.

Each modified oligonucleotide listed in the table below is complementary to human MALAT1 nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 (GENBANK Accession No: XR_001309.1).

TABLE 65 cET gapmers with 2′-OMe sugars complementary to human MALAT1 SEQ SEQ ID ID NO: 1 NO: 1 SEQ Compound Start Stop ID Number Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) Chemistry Notation (5′ to 3′) No. 1304879 2033 2048 GTTACCAATAATTTCC G_(ks)T_(ks)T_(ks)A_(ds)C_(ys) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ks) ^(m)C_(ks) ^(m)C_(k) 1592 1304880 5078 5093 TCTCATTTATTTCGGC T_(ks) ^(m)C_(ks)T_(ks) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ys)T_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)G_(ks)G_(ks) ^(m)C_(k) 1077 1304881 5494 5509 CCTTAGTTGGCATCAA ^(m)C_(ks) ^(m)C_(ks)T_(ks)T_(ds)A_(ys)G_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ds)G_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ks)A_(ks)A_(k)    6 1304882 5419 5434 GAAGUGTACTATCCCA G_(ks)A_(ks)A_(ks)G_(ds)U_(ys)G_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds) ^(m)C_(ks) ^(m)C_(ks)A_(k) 2647 1304883 5074 5089 ATTTATTTCGGCTTCT A_(ks)T_(ks)T_(ks)T_(ds)A_(ys)T_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)G_(ds)G_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ks) ^(m)C_(ks)T_(k)  850 1304885 4938 4953 TTTTUGTGGTTATAGC T_(ks)T_(ks)T_(ks)T_(ds)U_(ys)G_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ds)G_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ks)G_(ks) ^(m)C_(k) 2648 1304886 4903 4918 AAAAUGGTAGATTCCG A_(ks)A_(ks)A_(ks)A_(ds)U_(ys)G_(ds)G_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)G_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ks) ^(m)C_(ks)G_(k) 2649 1304887 4935 4950 TTGTGGTTATAGCTTG T_(ks)T_(ks)G_(ks)T_(ds)G_(ys)G_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)G_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ks)T_(ks)G_(k) 1232 1304888 4933 4948 GTGGUTATAGCTTGAC G_(ks)T_(ks)G_(ks)G_(ds)U_(ys)T_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)G_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ks)A_(ks) ^(m)C_(k) 2650 1304889 4808 4823 CAGGGTTATGCTTATT ^(m)C_(ks)A_(ks)G_(ks)G_(ds)G_(ys)T_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ks)T_(ks)T_(k) 2152 1304891 2034 2049 GGTTACCAATAATTTC G_(ks)G_(ks)T_(ks)T_(ds)A_(ys) ^(m)C_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ks)T_(ks) ^(m)C_(k)    3 1304892 2341 2356 TGGTAATTACTCTTGA T_(ks)G_(ks)G_(ks)T_(ds)A_(ys)A_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ks)G_(ks)A_(k)    4 1304893 1533 1548 CGGTUTAATCTCTTTT ^(m)C_(ks)G_(ks)G_(ks)T_(ds)U_(ys)T_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ks)T_(ks)T_(k) 2651 1304894 7290 7305 CGCTUTGTTGTCTCTC ^(m)C_(ks)G_(ks) ^(m)C_(ks)T_(ds)U_(ys)T_(ds)G_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ks)T_(ks) ^(m)C_(k) 2652 1304895 7835 7850 GGTTUAAGTTGGTTTT G_(ks)G_(ks)T_(ks)T_(ds)U_(ys)A_(ds)A_(ds)G_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ds)G_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ks)T_(ks)T_(k) 2653 1304896 7825 7840 GGTTUTAGTCACTGGA G_(ks)G_(ks)T_(ks)T_(ds)U_(ys)T_(ds)A_(ds)G_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ks)G_(ks)A_(k) 2654 1304897 7289 7304 GCTTUGTTGTCTCTCC G_(ks) ^(m)C_(ks)T_(ks)T_(ds)U_(ys)G_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ks) ^(m)C_(ks) ^(m)C_(k) 2655 1304898 5495 5510 TCCTUAGTTGGCATCA T_(ks) ^(m)C_(ks) ^(m)C_(ks)T_(ds)U_(ys)A_(ds)G_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ds)G_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ks) ^(m)C_(ks)A_(k) 2656 1304899 6700 6715 CTGAUTTTAAGGTTGC ^(m)C_(ks)T_(ks)G_(ks)A_(ds)U_(ys)T_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)G_(ds)G_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ks)G_(ks) ^(m)C_(k) 2657 1304900 6699 6714 TGATUTTAAGGTTGCA T_(ks)G_(ks)A_(ks)T_(ds)U_(ys)T_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)G_(ds)G_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ks) ^(m)C_(ks)A_(k) 2658 1304901 5525 5540 AGCCUTCAGAGATTCA A_(ks)G_(ks) ^(m)C_(ks) ^(m)C_(ds)U_(ys)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)A_(ds)G_(ds)A_(ds)G_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ks) ^(m)C_(ks)A_(k) 2659 1304902 5050 5065 AGGAUTAATGTAGTGT A_(ks)G_(ks)G_(ks)A_(ds)U_(ys)T_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)G_(ds)T_(ks)G_(ks)T_(k) 2660 1304903 5051 5066 CAGGATTAATGTAGTG ^(m)C_(ks)A_(ks)G_(ks)G_(ds)A_(ys)T_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)G_(ks)T_(ks)G_(k)  161 1304904 4821 4836 GTAGUAAGAATCTCAG G_(ks)T_(ks)A_(ks)G_(ds)U_(ys)A_(ds)A_(ds)G_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ks)A_(ks)G_(k) 2661 1304905 1564 1579 GTCAUGGATTTCAAGG G_(ks)T_(ks) ^(m)C_(ks)A_(ds)U_(ys)G_(ds)G_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)sA_(ds)A_(ks)G_(ks)G_(k) 2662 1304907 1535 1550 TTCGGTTTAATCTCTT T_(ks)T_(ks) ^(m)C_(ks)G_(ds)G_(ys)T_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)A_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ks)T_(ks)T_(k)    2 1304908 4932 4947 TGGTUATAGCTTGACA T_(ks)G_(ks)G_(ks)T_(ds)U_(ys)A_(ds)T_(ds)A_(ds)G_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds)T_(ds)T_(ds)G_(ds)A_(ks) ^(m)C_(ks)A_(k) 2663

Example 15: Antisense Inhibition of Human MALAT1 in HepG2 Cells by 3-10-3 cEt Gapmers

Modified oligonucleotides complementary to a MALAT1 nucleic acid were synthesized and tested for their effect on MALAT1 RNA levels in vitro in comparison with comparator compounds 395240 and 556089 described above. The modified oligonucleotides were tested in a series of experiments using the same culture conditions. The results for each separate experiment are presented in separate tables below.

Except for comparator compound 395240, which is a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer (i.e., it has a central gap segment of ten 2′-deoxynucleosides flanked on each side by wing segments, each comprising five 2′-O-methoxyethyl modified nucleosides), the modified oligonucleotides are all 3-10-3 cEt gapmers (i.e., they have a central gap segment of ten 2′-deoxynucleosides flanked on each side by wing segments, each comprising three cEt modified nucleosides). The internucleoside linkages throughout each modified oligonucleotide are phosphorothioate (P═S) linkages. All cytosine nucleobases throughout each modified oligonucleotide are 5-methylcytosines.

“Start site” indicates the 5′-most nucleoside of the target sequence to which the modified oligonucleotide is complementary. “Stop site” indicates the 3′-most nucleoside of the target sequence to which the modified oligonucleotide is complementary. As shown in the tables below, the modified oligonucleotides are 100% complementary to either the human MALAT1 RNA transcript, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 1 (GENBANK Accession No. XR_001309.1) or the human MALAT1 RNA transcript designated here in as SEQ ID NO: 2824 (GENBANK Accession No. EF 177381.1). ‘N/A’ indicates that the modified oligonucleotide is not complementary to that particular target sequence with 100% complementarity.

Cultured HepG2 cells at a density of 20,000 cells per well were transfected using electroporation with 300 nM of modified oligonucleotide. After an overnight incubation, RNA was isolated from the cells and MALAT1 RNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time RTPCR. Human primer probe set RTS2738 (forward sequence GAATTGCGTCATTTAAAGCCTAGTT, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 2820; reverse sequence TCATCCTACCACTCCCAATTAATCT, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 2821; probe sequence ACGCATTTACTAAACGCAGACGAAAATGGA, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 2822) was used to measure RNA levels. MALAT1 RNA levels were normalized to total RNA content, as measured by RIBOGREEN®. Results are presented as percent change of MALAT1 RNA, relative to PBS control. The symbol “I” indicates that the modified oligonucleotide is complementary to the target transcript within the amplicon region of the primer probe set and so the associated data is not reliable. In such instances, additional assays using alternative primer probes must be performed to accurately assess the potency and efficacy of such modified oligonucleotides.

TABLE 66 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 1 NO: 1 NO: 2824 NO: 2824 Compound Start Stop Start Stop MALAT1 SEQ Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) ID No. 395240 3320 3339 3520 3539 TGCCTTTAGGATTCTAGACA  51   11 556032 3310 3325 3510 3525 TAGACAGACCTAAGGG  22 2664 556089 6445 6460 6644 6659 GCATTCTAATAGCAGC   6   31 556130 8007 8022 8206 8221 ATGCTAGCTTGGCCAA  17 2665 559466   36   51    2   17 GGGCCCCAGTCCTTTA  86 2666 559467  177  192  143  158 CGTCCCAAGGACTCTG 105 2667 559468  281  296  247  262 ACCCCAAGACCAAACT  93 2668 559469  412  427  378  393 AAGTGTTTACACTGCT  74 2669 559470  522  537  488  503 ATCGCCATGGAAAGCG  95 2670 559471  636  651  602  617 GTGGCCCACTCTGATC  87 2671 559472  760  775  726  741 TCGGAGCAGCACGGGC  77 2672 559473  868  883  834  849 CAGGGACGGTTGAGAA  91 2673 559474  968  983  934  949 CTTGAGGGACAGTAGG  84 2674 559475 N/A N/A 1051 1066 TTGAGCTGCAAACTTT 119 2675 559476 N/A N/A 1162 1177 GGTTAAAAATAGGTTC  73 2676 559477 1063 1078 1263 1278 ACAGCTCGGGCGAGGC  74 2677 559478 1199 1214 1399 1414 ACCTATTGACTATATT  33 2678 559479 1415 1430 1615 1630 TTGGTATTAATTCGGG   8 2679 559480 1561 1576 1761 1776 ATGGATTTCAAGGTCT   7 2680 559481 1690 1705 1890 1905 GTTTTCCACTTCAAAC  35 2681 559482 1953 1968 2153 2168 CAATACTTGTCTTAGC  13 2682 559484 2178 2193 2378 2393 GTGATTTTTAACCAAC   7 2683 559485 2399 2414 2599 2614 TAGTCCTCAGGATTTA  21 2684 559486 2503 2518 2703 2718 CTAGCTTCATCAAACA  22 2685 559487 2626 2641 2826 2841 CTTCACCACCAAATCG  20 2686 559488 2752 2767 2952 2967 GCATGCTGGTCTAGGA  22 2687 559489 2789 2804 2989 3004 ACCAACCACTCGCTTT  22 2688 559490 2889 2904 3089 3104 CACCTCAGTACGAAAC  42 2689 559491 2985 3000 3185 3200 CTCAAAAGCTTCAGAC  29 2690 559492 2997 3012 3197 3212 TGGCAGTCTGCCCTCA  22 2691 559493 3166 3181 3366 3381 GTCATCTATTCACAAA   8 2692 559494 3322 3337 3522 3537 CCTTTAGGATTCTAGA  17 2693 559495 3435 3450 3635 3650 TCCACAGACCTCAACG  17 2694 559496 3502 3517 3702 3717 AAAGTCTGATTAAGGG  18 2695 559497 3629 3644 3829 3844 AGTACTATAGCATCTG   8   32 559498 3720 3735 3920 3935 ACTCTTCCAAGGATAA  17 2696 559499 3766 3781 3966 3981 GAACCAAAGCTGCACT  17 2697 559500 3884 3899 4084 4099 GCCAATATTTGCCCCT  22 2698 559501 4022 4037 4222 4237 TGGAAGTTGATATTTC  10 2699 559502 4080 4095 4280 4295 GCTTCCCAATTCAAAC  37 2700 559503 4182 4197 4382 4397 TCTATACTTTGAAGGA  33 2701 559504 4295 4310 4495 4510 GAGAACCACACACTAC  23 2702 559505 4405 4420 4605 4620 AAGCTACCATCAGAAG  29 2703 559506 4575 4590 4774 4789 ATCAGTTACAATTTAC  12 2704 559507 4629 4644 4828 4843 TCAACAAAAGCCCACC  48 2705 559508 4687 4702 4886 4901 CTCAGAAGATGTTATC  19 2706 559509 4748 4763 4947 4962 CAATTCACCAAGGAGC  10 2707 559510 4845 4860 5044 5059 CATATGCAGATAATGT  12 2708 559511 4976 4991 5175 5190 GACATTGCCTCTTCAT   4 2709 559512 5041 5056 5240 5255 GTAGTGTAACATTTTC   3 2710 559513 5131 5146 5330 5345 CGAAACATTGGCACAC  10 2711 559514 5142 5157 5341 5356 TCTGAGGCAAACGAAA  37 2712 559515 5229 5244 5428 5443 AAGTTAAACTTATCTG  38 2713 559516 5257 5272 5456 5471 TATCCCTAACATGCAA  28 2714 559517 5359 5374 5558 5573 CGATGGAAAAATTTCT  20 2715 559518 5466 5481 5665 5680 TTTAGAGGCTTTTAAG  60 2716 559519 5569 5584 5768 5783 GTAACATCTGATTCTA   9 2717 559520 5721 5736 5920 5935 TGCCCCAACACTGAAC  42 2718 559521 5795 5810 5994 6009 ATCCTGATCTGGTCCA  27 2719 559523 5830 5845 6029 6044 TCCTGCCTTAAAGTTA  61 2720 559525 5928 5943 6127 6142 GTCTAAGAGGTTATTT  29 2721 559527 6061 6076 6260 6275 AGCATTTAAAGTTAAC  19 2722 559529 6169 6184 6368 6383 GATGAAATGCCTCTGC  14 2723 559531 6259 6274 6458 6473 AACTCACTGCAAGGTC  15 2724 559533 6385 6400 6584 6599 ACCTGAAGTCAAGACA  18 2725 559535 6532 6547 6731 6746 TCACTCAGCTGGATTT  16 2726 559537 6582 6597 6781 6796 CAAATACGACTGCTTA  62 2727 559539 6849 6864 7048 7063 TGTTCCTGCATGTAAG  47 2728 559541 6964 6979 7163 7178 GTGGTTCCCAATCCCC  21 2729 559543 7143 7158 7342 7357 CACATGCCAGTTACTC  12 2730 559545 7231 7246 7430 7445 GTGCCTTTAGTGAGGG  23 2731 559547 7404 7419 7603 7618 GTACTTCAAGCATTCC   8 2732 559549 7519 7534 7718 7733 AGTGGTTGCCCGCTTT  16 2733 559551 7748 7763 7947 7962 GCAAATTAATGGCCTT   8 2734 559553 7871 7886 8070 8085 ATTACAGTTCTTGAAC  28 2735 559556 8158 8173 8357 8372 TGCCAACCACCAGCAT  81 2736 559557 8209 8224 8408 8423 GTCAAAGCAAAGACGC  82 2737 559559 8378 8393 8577 8592 CGTGTAAATATGAATA  55 2738

TABLE 67 Inhibition of MALAT1 RNA by 3-10-3 cEt gapmers SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 1 NO: 1 NO: 2824 NO: 2824 Compound Start Stop Start Stop MALAT1 SEQ Number Site Site Site Site Sequence (5′ to 3′) (% UTC) ID No. 395240 3320 3339 3520 3539 TGCCTTTAGGATTCTAGACA  49   11 556057 4700 4715 4899 4914 AGGCTGGTTATGACTC  10 2739 559522   84   99   50   65 GTTGCTAAAATGGCGC  82 2740 559524  229  244  195  210 TGGAATGGCCAGCCTA  79 2741 559526  337  352  303  318 ATGAGCTTCAGACCTT  78 2742 559528  472  487  438  453 CGAATGGCTTTGTCTC  84 2743 559530  579  594  545  560 GAAATTTTTCTACCGT  92 2744 559532  710  725  676  691 CACTCTTGGAAAACGC  91 2745 559534  816  831  782  797 CAGTCCTGCGACTTGC  98 2746 559536  918  933  884  899 GTGATAGTTCAGGGCT 103 2747 559538 N/A N/A 1001 1016 GGTCATCAAACACCTC  70 2748 559540 N/A N/A 1110 1125 GGAACTTGAATGCAAA  75 2749 559542 N/A N/A 1200 1215 TCCGCCGCCTTTGTGA  69 2750 559544 1131 1146 1331 1346 CGGTTTCCTCAAGCTC   4 2751 559546 1326 1341 1526 1541 CGTCATGTTTTAGAAA  11 2752 559548 1509 1524 1709 1724 CGCCTTCAAATTATTT   8 2753 5595501 1660 1675 1860 1875 AATTGTTTCATCCTAC  47 2754 559552 1852 1867 2052 2067 ACATTTTGCCCTTAGC  10 2755 559554 2006 2021 2206 2221 GTGCTATTTTATCCAA   4 2756 559555 2116 2131 2316 2331 GTAAACACCCTCATCT  27 2757 559558 2267 2282 2467 2482 TAAGGCCTTCCAAATT  27 2758 559560 2448 2463 2648 2663 TCACTGAATCCACTTC  12 2759 559561 2576 2591 2776 2791 CAAATCGCACTGGCTC  10 2760 559562 2679 2694 2879 2894 GCTACCTTCATCACCA  32 2761 559563 2758 2773 2958 2973 ACACTGGCATGCTGGT  20 2762 559564 2839 2854 3039 3054 CCATAAGTAAGTTCCA   7   36 559565 2939 2954 3139 3154 AAACCTACAACACCCG  26 2763 559566 2992 3007 3192 3207 GTCTGCCCTCAAAAGC  19 2764 559567 3063 3078 3263 3278 GTTTTCCTCAAATTCG   9 2765 559568 3225 3240 3425 3440 AGTTACACATCCAAAC  22 2766 559569 3315 3330 3515 3530 GATTCTAGACAGACCT  79 2767 559570 3370 3385 3570 3585 ATCCTGATATTGGATT  65 2768 559571 3467 3482 3667 3682 AACTACCAGCCATTTC  31 2769 559572 3555 3570 3755 3770 ATCCCAAAATGCTTCA  22 2770 559573 3695 3710 3895 3910 CAGTCCCTGAAGGTGT  20 2771 559574 3743 3758 3943 3958 ACTTTTCAGCTTCAAC  18 2772 559575 3814 3829 4014 4029 TTTGGCCTACTCAAGC  20 2773 559577 4038 4053 4238 4253 GAGTTACTTGCCAACT  21 2774 559578 4131 4146 4331 4346 GCCCAAATTAATGCAC  32 2775 559579 4232 4247 4432 4447 CCCAGTAGGCCAGACC  15 2776 559580 4350 4365 4550 4565 CAGTTTCTATAGTAGT  11 2777 559581 4495 4510 4694 4709 GCAGTTAAACAATGGA   6 2778 559582 4624 4639 4823 4838 AAAAGCCCACCCTCTA  60 2779 559583 4634 4649 4833 4848 CCTCATCAACAAAAGC  55 2780 559584 4798 4813 4997 5012 CTTATTCCCCAATGGA  14 2781 559585 4899 4914 5098 5113 TGGTAGATTCCGTAAC   6 2782 559586 5004 5019 5203 5218 GCTTTTGTAAAAGCAG  66 2783 559587 5092 5107 5291 5306 GATCCCAACTCATCTC   8 2784 559588 5136 5151 5335 5350 GCAAACGAAACATTGG   8 2785 559589 5178 5193 5377 5392 AATGAAGCAACTCTTC  42 2786 559590 5250 5265 5449 5464 AACATGCAATACTGCA   8 2787 559591 5303 5318 5502 5517 CCATGGTTGATATTTA  16 2788 559592 5411 5426 5610 5625 CTATCCCATCACTGAA  19 2789 559593 5516 5531 5715 5730 AGATTCAATGCTAAAC  13 2790 559594 5658 5673 5857 5872 GTATACATTCTCTAAT  52 2791 559595 5771 5786 5970 5985 TGTTCGCAGACAAAGT  14 2792 559596 5824 5839 6023 6038 CTTAAAGTTACATTCG   9 2793 559597 5875 5890 6074 6089 GAATTATTATATGCTC  12 2794 559598 5994 6009 6193 6208 TAGACCCCTGACTTTC   8 2795 559599 6111 6126 6310 6325 CCTATATAAGGTCAAT  39 2796 559600 6241 6256 6440 6455 ATACACTCACTAGAAC  55 2797 559601 6327 6342 6526 6541 ACAAGTAAGCCCCACC  75 2798 559602 6428 6443 6627 6642 GGATCAGAACAGTACT  15 2799 559603 6452 6467 6651 6666 TCACAATGCATTCTAA  28 2800 559604 6554 6569 6753 6768 TTTCCTCAACACTCAG  19 2801 559605 6677 6692 6876 6891 AAAGACTAAAGGCTTC  19 2802 559606 6921 6936 7120 7135 TTAAAGTAAATAGGCT  38 2803 559607 7032 7047 7231 7246 TTTTGTCCACTGGTGA  16 2804 559609 7303 7318 7502 7517 CTTAGGATAATAGCGC   6 2805 559610 7454 7469 7653 7668 TAAGAGCTGCTATAAA  85 2806 559611 7641 7656 7840 7855 CTGCATCGAGGTGAGG  19 2807 559612 7799 7814 7998 8013 AATAGAGCTACTTAGC  28 2808 559613 7974 7989 8173 8188 GAAAAAGTCTTAGCAG  33 2809 559614 8054 8069 8253 8268 ACCTTCATGACCCTAC  65 2810 559615 8181 8196 8380 8395 AACCCCGTCCTGGAAA  83 2811 559616 8316 8331 8515 8530 TAGTTCAAAGATATTG  93 2812 559617 8446 8461 8645 8660 GTAGGGCTTCTCAAAA 111 2813

Example 16: Dose-Dependent Inhibition of Human MALAT1 in A431 Cells by 3-10-3 cEt Gapmers

Certain modified oligonucleotides described in the studies above exhibiting significant in vitro inhibition of MALAT1 RNA were selected and tested at various doses in A431 cells in comparison with comparator compounds 395240, 395243, 395244, 395248, 395253, 395254, 395255, 395256, 395280, 556089, and 559497 described above.

The modified oligonucleotides were tested in a series of experiments using the same culture conditions. The results for each experiment are presented in separate tables shown below. Cultured A431 cells at a density of 10,000 cells per well were transfected using free uptake with modified oligonucleotides diluted to different concentrations as specified in the tables below. After a treatment period of approximately 48 hours, RNA levels were measured as previously described using the Human primer-probe set RTS2736. MALAT1 RNA levels were normalized to total RNA, as measured by RIBOGREEN®. Results are presented as percent change of MALAT1 RNA, relative to PBS control.

The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of each modified oligonucleotide was calculated using a linear regression on a log/linear plot of the data in excel and is also presented in the tables below. The % UTC values for modified oligonucleotides marked with a triple asterisk in the tables below has been previously presented in Example 3 (Table 3) herein above. The % UTC and IC50 data for modified oligonucleotides marked with a triple asterisk (

) in the tables below is identical to the data presented in Example 3 as the data is from the same experiments.

TABLE 68 Dose-dependent percent reduction of human MALAT1 RNA in A431 cells by modified oligonucleotides Compound MALAT1 (% UTC) Number 0.4 nM 2 nM 10 nM 50 nM 250 nM IC₅₀ nM 395240 177 217 122 22 4 57 395243 117 65 74 86 23 92 395244 93 103 74 37 9 25 395248 106 110 95 44 17 50 395253 103 90 79 20 8 19 395254 97 85 57 16 6 12 395255 67 84 81 60 29 98 395256 110 93 85 26 7 23 395280 80 77 73 46 21 28 556089 112 79 103 40 19 44 559497 90 94 75 40 11 25 559590 116 118 82 34 8 32

TABLE 69 Dose-dependent percent reduction of human MALAT1 RNA in A431 cells by modified oligonucleotides Compound MALAT1 (% UTC) Number 0.4 nM 2 nM 10 nM 50 nM 250 nM IC₅₀ nM  395240 93 77 46 19 10 9  395253 89 74 31 8 6 6  395254 84 59 23 11 7 3  395256 87 77 48 24 7 9  556089 101 85 71 34 14 22  559497 92 84 64 33 12 17  559564 85 67 30 8 2 4 1157124 99 69 31 8 3 6 1157190 71 28 13 4 2 1 1157958 85 47 15 3 1 2 1157992 67 24 6 2 1 0.4 1158618 76 60 22 5 3 3

Example 17: Dose-Dependent Inhibition of Human MALAT1 in A431 Cells by 3-10-3 cEt Gapmers

Certain modified oligonucleotides described in the studies above exhibiting significant in vitro inhibition of MALAT1 RNA were selected and tested at various doses in A431 cells.

The modified oligonucleotides were tested in a series of experiments using the same culture conditions. The results for each experiment are presented in separate tables shown below. Cultured A431 cells at a density of 10,000 cells per well were transfected using free uptake with modified oligonucleotides diluted to different concentrations as specified in the tables below. After a treatment period of approximately 48 hours, RNA levels were measured as previously described using the Human primer-probe set RTS2736. MALAT1 RNA levels were normalized to total RNA, as measured by RIBOGREEN®. Results are presented as percent change of MALAT1 RNA, relative to PBS control.

The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of each modified oligonucleotide was calculated using a linear regression on a log/linear plot of the data in excel and is also presented in the tables below. The % UTC values for modified oligonucleotides marked with a triple asterisk in the tables below has been previously presented in Example 3 (Table 3) herein above. The % UTC and IC₅₀ data for modified oligonucleotides marked with a triple asterisk (

) in the tables below is identical to the data presented in Example 3 as the data is from the same experiments.

TABLE 70 Dose-dependent percent reduction of human MALAT1 RNA in A431 cells by modified oligonucleotides Compound MALAT1 (% UTC) Number 0.3 nM 1 nM 5 nM 20 nM IC₅₀ nM  559564 112 96 74 30 11 1156957 91 75 50 20 4 1157124 99 89 82 25 11 1157190 

89 93 58 18 6 1157191 140 99 69 29 9 1157224 102 110 88 35 20 1157525 102 94 92 46 >20 1157826 137 113 101 86 >20 1157924 96 89 66 26 8 1157925 88 96 68 28 9 1157958 114 88 58 20 6 1157959 97 60 49 14 3 1157992 70 86 44 12 3 1157993 87 78 43 12 3 1158157 97 62 72 33 8 1158618 95 89 43 21 5 1158652 107 106 73 33 13 1158820 92 93 62 25 7 1158886 106 98 77 29 12

TABLE 71 Dose-dependent percent reduction of human MALAT1 RNA in A431 cells by modified oligonucleotides Compound MALAT1 (% UTC) Number 0.3 nM 1 nM 5 nM 20 nM IC₅₀ nM  559564 170 98 54 16 6 1156959 78 71 35 9 2 1156960 165 118 59 22 8 1156993 88 101 79 26 12 1157092 118 112 62 24 8 1157093 91 78 55 15 4 1157127 102 94 72 23 9 1157926 93 87 59 20 6 1157960 94 84 47 17 4 1157994 92 63 45 11 3 1158158 85 71 31 6 2 1158159 95 75 30 5 3 1158359 96 98 68 30 10 1158490 98 102 62 26 8 1158491 95 70 33 6 3 1158492 84 52 14 3 1 1158622 144 129 70 22 10 1158821 98 76 50 15 4 1158855 123 129 104 38 >20

TABLE 72 Dose-dependent percent reduction of human MALAT1 RNA in A431 cells by modified oligonucleotides Compound MALAT1 (% UTC) Number 0.3 nM 1 nM 5 nM 20 nM IC₅₀ nM  559564 145 123 63 23 9 1157095 114 101 78 27 11 1157128 96 130 83 37 >20 1157130 101 90 63 18 6 1157431 82 66 63 46 14 1157597 121 84 58 16 6 1157831 94 90 67 28 9 1157895 102 113 88 56 >20 1157928 104 106 76 33 13 1157929 

81 76 29 10 2 1158161 

83 77 37 9 3 1158162 

82 78 32 10 3 1158227 83 86 61 24 6 1158228 106 91 56 25 7 1158429 144 101 60 29 8 1158459 113 114 104 52 >20 1158623 79 82 56 24 5 1158789 107 121 98 43 >20 1158857 105 107 60 23 8

TABLE 73 Dose-dependent percent reduction of human MALAT1 RNA in A431 cells by modified oligonucleotides Compound MALAT1 (% UTC) Number 0.3 nM 1 nM 5 nM 20 nM IC₅₀ nM  559564 151 92 57 19 6 1156996 96 87 51 24 6 1157096 107 112 66 45 18 1157097 79 70 39 9 2 1157131 59 67 36 10 1 1157366 87 82 39 10 3 1157697 73 80 51 19 4 1157698 71 41 36 13 1 1157897 98 102 66 29 10 1157931 101 84 47 13 4 1158000 146 83 74 25 8 1158163 103 84 41 12 4 1158164 97 81 45 11 4 1158230 78 62 31 10 2 1158231 115 82 53 21 5 1158263 102 99 68 28 9 1158495 104 90 42 12 4 1158625 80 68 48 21 3 1158859 99 96 58 18 6

TABLE 74 Dose-dependent percent reduction of human MALAT1 RNA in A431 cells by modified oligonucleotides Compound MALAT1 (% UTC) Number 0.3 nM 1 nM 5 nM 20 nM IC₅₀ nM  559564 115 91 44 14 5 1157032 86 103 35 8 5 1157033 93 67 43 27 4 1157064 86 75 43 16 3 1157065 93 75 56 21 5 1157099 89 78 55 25 5 1157534 79 75 62 36 9 1157535 105 90 45 19 5 1157600 93 100 45 14 5 1157701 102 96 61 18 6 1157898 89 88 59 23 6 1158001 85 106 74 35 12 1158002 90 73 34 10 3 1158067 88 79 54 23 5 1158165 93 68 27 7 2 1158232 79 80 61 21 5 1158431 107 89 74 32 11 1158497 94 95 56 20 6 1158626 79 86 56 36 9

TABLE 75 Dose-dependent percent reduction of human MALAT1 RNA in A431 cells by modified oligonucleotides Compound MALAT1 (% UTC) Number 0.3 nM 1 nM 5 nM 20 nM IC₅₀ nM  559564 143 83 48 15 5 1157001 100 76 36 8 3 1157034 

72 57 26 6 1 1157035 115 89 46 11 4 1157101 95 83 48 13 4 1157102 113 65 25 8 3 1157836 95 83 56 28 6 1157900 105 93 51 19 5 1157901 56 83 62 16 6 1157902 109 86 34 13 4 1157934 108 80 46 11 4 1157936 91 59 24 5 2 1157969 119 96 53 17 6 1157970 89 60 19 5 2 1158003 89 82 43 10 3 1158004 90 62 30 7 2 1158069 88 78 47 19 4 1158167 95 88 51 15 5 1158168 84 63 33 9 2

TABLE 76 Dose-dependent percent reduction of human MALAT1 RNA in A431 cells by modified oligonucleotides Compound MALAT1 (% UTC) Number 0.3 nM 1 nM 5 nM 20 nM IC₅₀ nM  559564 135 84 58 17 6  946404 107 73 44 12 4 1157036 99 76 42 21 4 1157103 95 86 56 30 7 1157171 129 89 41 11 5 1157571 128 101 80 24 10 1157703 91 84 50 23 5 1157871 94 87 48 17 5 1157938 95 69 38 11 3 1157971 83 60 16 5 2 1157972 93 71 22 7 2 1158005 98 68 24 7 2 1158135 88 91 63 29 8 1158136 63 80 46 19 5 1158137 85 67 28 9 2 1158170 87 72 33 10 3 1158236 99 102 78 34 12 1158435 120 91 59 25 7 1158631 99 112 81 70 >20

TABLE 77 Dose-dependent percent reduction of human MALAT1 RNA in A431 cells by modified oligonucleotides Compound MALAT1 (% UTC) Number 0.3 nM 1 nM 5 nM 20 nM IC₅₀ nM  559564 129 95 55 18 6 1157139 89 69 44 14 3 1157306 104 61 63 17 5 1157474 148 129 78 28 11 1157575 102 61 29 9 3 1157807 85 77 77 31 11 1157872 117 104 57 20 7 1157905 117 91 47 22 6 1157940 121 88 43 12 5 1157973 108 87 34 7 4 1157974 128 106 47 12 6 1158006 94 77 44 16 4 1158138 91 80 44 14 4 1158139 93 66 25 7 2 1158171 102 81 28 8 3 1158172 95 72 38 12 3 1158337 97 84 43 14 4 1158338 96 92 57 17 5 1158568 117 77 47 18 5

TABLE 78 Dose-dependent percent reduction of human MALAT1 RNA in A431 cells by modified oligonucleotides Compound MALAT1 (% UTC) Number 0.3 nM 1 nM 5 nM 20 nM IC₅₀ nM  559564 132 103 68 22 8 1157009 151 100 54 23 7 1157108 114 74 30 9 3 1157109 137 78 52 16 5 1157142 111 96 88 28 13 1157150 107 100 74 35 13 1157207 129 102 65 22 8 1157750 122 113 92 58 >20 1157841 111 93 68 43 14 1157941 102 85 44 17 4 1157942 113 96 72 19 8 1157943 142 102 67 20 8 1158140 89 68 31 12 2 1158141 100 97 16 28 4 1158373 108 105 79 41 19 1158569 123 84 44 15 5 1158570 96 82 58 18 5 1158736 111 97 79 39 16 1158737 135 113 76 43 15

TABLE 79 Dose-dependent percent reduction of human MALAT1 RNA in A431 cells by modified oligonucleotides Compound MALAT1 (% UTC) Number 0.3 nM 1 nM 5 nM 20 nM IC₅₀ nM  559564 138 125 74 32 12 1156942 108 91 71 30 10 1157042 93 102 93 72 20 1157044 116 93 64 19 7 1157075 85 87 64 28 8 1157076 134 113 80 32 12 1157077 103 102 82 26 10 1157110 107 93 50 13 5 1157111 

108 73 6 7 2 1157279 127 111 99 74 >20 1157478 134 114 74 13 8 1157546 200 149 107 40 17 1157644 90 94 60 24 7 1157711 74 109 75 32 11 1157712 128 93 51 19 6 1158012 111 101 90 44 27 1158142 113 111 75 23 10 1158175 105 112 109 130 20 1158738 98 92 72 30 10

TABLE 80 Dose-dependent percent reduction of human MALAT1 RNA in A431 cells by modified oligonucleotides Compound MALAT1 (% UTC) Number 0.3 nM 1 nM 5 nM 20 nM IC₅₀ nM  559564 127 129 73 27 10 1156978 112 106 71 45 17 1157179 104 93 65 36 10 1157180 95 94 60 31 9 1157181 124 78 45 13 4 1157246 93 91 72 32 11 1157247 104 107 78 42 20 1157282 128 98 62 25 8 1157448 96 92 20 23 4 1157612 96 99 57 43 12 1157780 97 110 81 34 12 1157880 102 100 69 41 15 1157912 87 92 52 19 5 1157946 112 97 68 37 11 1157947 93 91 50 15 5 1158013 95 104 97 56 >20 1158312 96 99 77 33 13 1158541 102 96 68 43 16 1158839 95 81 82 44 >20

TABLE 81 Dose-dependent percent reduction of human MALAT1 RNA in A431 cells by modified oligonucleotides Compound MALAT1 (% UTC) Number 0.3 nM 1 nM 5 nM 20 nM IC₅₀ nM  559564 145 127 69 22 9 1157014 99 83 62 23 6 1157016 85 70 39 10 3 1157048 99 73 12 11 2 1157080 90 76 47 15 4 1157081 88 78 43 13 3 1157251 115 78 51 16 5 1157450 100 82 43 16 4 1157718 131 90 54 15 6 1157782 98 79 46 14 4 1157915 95 101 49 15 6 1157948 110 92 60 18 6 1157951 102 74 29 8 3 1157982 83 78 37 15 3 1157983 87 80 41 8 3 1158381 113 88 74 35 11 1158809 87 92 46 11 4 1158810 90 53 20 5 2 1158812 86 49 13 3 1

TABLE 82 Dose-dependent percent reduction of human MALAT1 RNA in A431 cells by modified oligonucleotides Compound MALAT1 (% UTC) Number 0.3 nM 1 nM 5 nM 20 nM IC₅₀ nM  559564 129 101 66 25 8  568503 95 78 21 21 3 1156951 94 84 47 14 4 1157153 102 91 64 25 7 1157185 156 109 65 23 8 1157186 85 83 44 15 4 1157318 96 97 73 41 18 1157454 81 81 36 11 3 1157519 105 101 75 36 14 1157752 110 61 39 12 3 1157886 95 101 48 15 6 1157919 95 89 34 10 3 1157953 109 94 46 13 5 1157987 93 82 38 12 3 1158051 113 120 137 81 20 1158084 112 93 60 30 8 1158183 90 84 51 20 5 1158645 107 98 49 22 6 1158814 98 88 66 23 7

TABLE 83 Dose-dependent percent reduction of human MALAT1 RNA in A431 cells by modified oligonucleotides Compound MALAT1 (% UTC) Number 0.3 nM 1 nM 5 nM 20 nM IC₅₀ nM  559564 142 106 57 17 7 1156950 97 78 47 15 4 1157015 94 80 37 11 3 1157017 89 75 43 11 4 1157084 82 86 51 12 3 1157518 74 71 29 9 4 1157717 87 66 27 9 7 1157754 99 82 54 19 7 1157783 95 83 58 12 2 1157918 96 76 40 9 3 1157920 131 79 41 11 3 1157950 94 78 10 8 2 1157984 50 59 28 4 2 1158021 174 131 60 19 2 1158150 85 82 53 14 5 1158614 82 45 16 3 1 1158780 85 99 67 19 5 1158811 105 65 40 8 4 1158813 100 110 67 12 8

TABLE 84 Dose-dependent percent reduction of human MALAT1 RNA in A431 cells by modified oligonucleotides Compound MALAT1 (% UTC) Number 0.3 nM 1 nM 5 nM 20 nM IC₅₀ nM  559564 179 119 67 17 8 1156954 93 85 59 25 6 1156987 118 80 39 7 4 1156988 113 81 52 17 5 1157021 106 86 17 24 4 1157188 106 93 58 28 8 1157290 115 81 71 27 8 1157489 100 88 35 6 3 1157922 91 90 63 19 7 1157954 98 82 48 18 5 1158055 103 85 43 10 4 1158056 91 80 57 24 6 1158186 77 82 57 22 6 1158187 98 84 45 12 4 1158285 90 73 57 24 5 1158386 119 92 56 13 6 1158388 134 137 87 29 12 1158615 93 43 8 1 1 1158616 93 83 49 17 4

TABLE 85 Dose-dependent percent reduction of human MALAT1 RNA in A431 cells by modified oligonucleotides Compound MALAT1 (% UTC) Number 0.3 nM 1 nM 5 nM 20 nM IC₅₀ nM  395254 112 67 73 35 10  559564 146 119 84 30 12 1156481 109 103 87 87 20 1156989 83 85 59 25 7 1157123 128 112 58 32 9 1157223 99 88 54 24 6 1157357 95 95 70 82 20 1157524 105 103 52 15 6 1157726 106 86 69 36 11 1157756 102 86 86 45 >20 1157923 89 83 24 18 3 1157957 82 96 38 17 5 1157991 88 80 25 4 2 1158090 128 118 115 59 20 1158255 90 84 74 26 9 1158487 115 91 74 22 8 1158585 62 78 47 17 4 1158717 80 97 80 66 20 1158851 89 84 95 83 20

Example 18: Dose-Dependent Inhibition of Human MALAT1 in MDA-MB-436 Cells by cEt Gapmers

Modified oligonucleotides described in the studies above were tested at various doses in MDA-MB-436 cells. Cultured MDA-MB-436 cells at a density of 5,000-12,000 cells per well were treated using free uptake with modified oligonucleotides diluted to concentrations described in the tables below. After approximately 48 hours, MALAT1 RNA levels were measured as previously described using the Human MALAT1 primer-probe set RTS2736. MALAT1 RNA levels were normalized to b-actin, measured using human primer-probe set HTS5002 (described herein above). Results are presented in the tables below as percent control of the amount of MALAT1 RNA relative to untreated control cells (% UTC). IC5Os were calculated using the “log(inhibitor) vs. response—variable slope (4 parameters)” formula using Prism6 software. The % UTC values for modified oligonucleotides marked with a triple asterisk in the tables below has been previously presented in Example 4 (Table 4) herein above. The % UTC data for modified oligonucleotides marked with a triple asterisk (

) in the tables below is identical to the data presented in Table 4 as the data is from the same experiments.

TABLE 86 Dose-dependent inhibition of human MALAT1 RNA expression by modified oligonucleotides in MDA-MB-436 cells Compound % control IC50 Number 0.8 nM 4.0 nM 20.0 nM 100.0 nM (nM)  559564 105 93 54 12 22.9  568503 90 76 34 20 12.2 1157044 138 84 51 20 22.9 1157131 102 52 47 6 9.6 1157150 92 80 53 27 25.0 1157190 

56 39 15 5 1.4 1157726 82 58 53 14 11.1 1157929 

58 51 33 5 2.6 1157936 34 30 18 6 0.2 1157943 64 49 39 10 3.6 1157958 50 32 21 6 0.9 1157959 83 52 27 5 4.9 1157992 51 44 9 2 1.2 1157993 67 28 14 3 1.6 1158002 49 62 49 12 3.7 1158005 49 34 17 3 0.8 1158161 

36 48 27 3 0.5 1158230 65 57 63 12 8.9 1158263 61 59 52 29 9.3 1158490 78 54 32 15 5.7 1158491 58 40 20 9 1.6 1156959 68 55 33 6 4.2 1158618 56 55 28 9 2.6 1158821 50 53 28 8 1.8 1158886 58 57 53 21 6.4 1157021 70 46 50 19 5.8 1157032 94 51 20 3 4.8 1157034 

50 25 17 5 0.7 1157048 57 41 28 9 1.7 1157097 56 63 27 4 3.2 1157108 51 37 18 3 1.0 1157110 51 48 17 5 1.4 1157111 

98 30 13 8 2.9 1157181 104 56 30 7 7.0 1157448 77 89 43 17 16.8 1157575 101 64 21 6 6.8 1157698 99 81 51 16 20.0 1157752 77 89 49 11 18.2 1157912 43 61 32 12 1.6 1157919 84 38 32 5 3.8 1157923 72 53 34 8 4.6 1157947 90 61 27 6 6.6 1157950 108 104 48 12 20.2 1157951 106 85 33 6 12.8 1157970 59 58 24 4 3.0 1157971 57 40 19 4 1.5 1157972 91 34 10 3 2.8 1157973 71 55 11 2 3.3 1157974 83 72 24 5 7.7 1157984 80 74 52 13 15.1 1157991 67 65 19 2 4.3 1158004 68 57 26 3 4.0 1158056 52 99 67 23 34.9 1158137 65 37 35 4 2.3 1158139 62 59 35 10 4.4 1158140 59 67 38 10 5.4 1158159 112 85 27 10 11.6 1158162 

57 37 22 6 1.5 1158163 118 51 16 7 4.0 1158164 90 52 19 6 4.7 1158165 79 36 10 3 2.5 1158168 45 37 19 6 0.7 1158171 78 31 16 6 2.4 1158492 41 29 12 5 0.4 1158614 45 36 26 8 0.6 1158615 31 19 14 6 0.1 1158810 40 23 11 4 0.4 1158812 47 29 15 2 0.7

Example 19: Tolerability of Modified Oligonucleotides Targeting Human MALAT1 in CD-1 Mice

BALB/c mice are a multipurpose mouse model frequently utilized for safety and efficacy testing. The mice were treated with modified oligonucleotides selected from studies described above and evaluated for changes in the levels of various plasma chemistry markers.

Study 1

Groups of four 6-to-8-week-old male BALB/c mice were injected subcutaneously twice a week for 4 weeks (for a total of 8 treatments) with 50 mg/kg of modified oligonucleotides. One group of four male CD-1 mice was injected with PBS. Mice were euthanized 24 hours following the final administration.

To evaluate the effect of modified oligonucleotides on liver and kidney function, plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin (TBIL), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were measured using an automated clinical chemistry analyzer (Hitachi Olympus AU400c, Melville, N.Y.). The results are presented in the table below. Assays include four animals in a group, except where an asterisk (*) indicates that 3 animals or less was used for a specific assay. Modified oligonucleotides that caused changes in the levels of any of the liver or kidney function markers outside the expected range for modified oligonucleotides were excluded in further studies.

TABLE 87 Plasma chemistry markers in male BALB/c mice Compound ALT AST BUN Number (IU/L) (IU/L) (mg/dL) PBS 126 112 23 556057 6377 4060 29 556089 120 127 19 559479 511 521 24 559482 65 89 25 559484 2728 1760 24 559497* 43 72 28 559509 2535 2366 28 559511 2226 1626 25 559512 304 261 28 559519 912 470 24 559547 2213 839 32 559548 3279 1520 28 559551 374 215 21 559554 1921 1649 24 559564 88 116 24 559567 2832 5557 24 559581 1301 842 23 559585 1038 1053 25 559587 716 490 24 559588 2706 2201 18 559590* 195 158 24 559596 51 114 24 559598 1301 999 25 559609* 390 356 24

Body weight was measured on day 25, and the average body weight for each group is presented in the table below. Liver, kidney and spleen weights were measured at the end of the study and are presented in the table below. Modified oligonucleotides that caused any changes in organ weights outside the expected range for modified oligonucleotides were excluded from further studies.

TABLE 88 Body and organ weights (in grams) Compound Body Weight Liver Kidney Spleen Number (g) (g) (g) (g) PBS 25 1.3 0.4 0.1 556057 20 2.2 0.3 0.1 556089 25 1.7 0.4 0.1 559479 24 1.8 0.4 0.1 559482 26 1.5 0.4 0.2 559484 26 2.1 0.4 0.2 559497* 24 1.3 0.4 0.1 559509 25 1.2 0.4 0.1 559511 22 1.4 0.3 0.1 559512 25 1.7 0.4 0.1 559519 24 1.8 0.3 0.1 559547 20 1 0.3 0.1 559548 25 3.4 0.3 0.2 559551 23 1.2 0.3 0.1 559554 27 2.2 0.4 0.2 559564 25 1.5 0.4 0.2 559567 17 1 0.3 0 559581 23 1.7 0.3 0.1 559585 24 1.6 0.4 0.1 559587 26 2.2 0.4 0.2 559588 22 1.4 0.3 0.2 559590* 26 1.9 0.4 0.2 559596 24 1.4 0.4 0.1 559598 25 1.9 0.4 0.1 559609 25 1.8 0.4 0.3

Study 2

Groups of four 4-to-6-week-old male CD-1 mice were injected subcutaneously twice a week for 4 weeks (for a total of 8 treatments) with 50 mg/kg/dose of modified oligonucleotides. One group of four male CD-1 mice was injected with PBS. Mice were euthanized 24 hours following the final administration. The values for modified oligonucleotides marked with a triple asterisk in the tables below have been previously presented in Tables 7 and 8 herein above. The data for modified oligonucleotides marked with a triple asterisk (

) in the tables below is identical to the data presented in Table 7 and Table 8 as the data is from the same experiments.

To evaluate the effect of modified oligonucleotides on liver and kidney function, plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total bilirubin (TBIL), and albumin (ALB) were measured using an automated clinical chemistry analyzer (Hitachi Olympus AU400c, Melville, NY). The results are presented in the table below. Assays include four animals in a group, except where an asterisk (*) indicates that 3 animals or less was used for a specific assay. Modified oligonucleotides that caused changes in the levels of any of the liver or kidney function markers outside the expected range for modified oligonucleotides were excluded in further studies.

TABLE 89 Plasma chemistry markers in CD-1 Male mice Compound ALT AST BUN TBIL ALB Number (IU/L) (IU/L) (mg/dL) (mg/dL) (g/dL) PBS  20  46 24 0.2 2.5 1157190  78  95 26 0.2 2.6 1157919 388 269 30 0.3 2.3 1157929 

330 225 24 0.2 2.3 1157936 220 171 25 0.2 2.2 1157958  38  50 22 0.2 2.4 1157970 195 250 25 6.1 3.1 1157972 1172  824 23 2.9 2.9 1157991 343 264 25 0.2 2.2 1157992 1168  2608  18 1.9 2.5 1157993 630 545 23 0.2 1.9 1158002 963 737 26 0.2 2.2 1158005 115 149 25 0.2 1.9 1158161 

 86 128 29 0.2 2.3 1158162 178 199 25 0.2 2.5 1158491 598 684 24 0.2 2.2 1158492 451 417 20 0.2 1.9 1158810 1589* 1409*  37* 0.3* 2.3* 1158812 4795* 4273*  30* 1.4* 4.5*

Body weights of CD-1 mice were measured at the end of the study, and the average body weight for each group is presented in the table below. Liver, kidney and spleen weights were measured at the end of the study and are presented in the table below. Modified oligonucleotides that caused any changes in organ weights outside the expected range for modified oligonucleotides were excluded from further studies.

TABLE 90 Body and organ weights (in grams) Compound Body Weight Liver Kidney Spleen Number (g) (g) (g) (g) PBS 32 1.7 0.5 0.1 1157190 36 2.2 0.5 0.2 1157919 38 2.9 0.5 0.4 1157929 

34 2.3 0.5 0.2 1157936 33 2 0.5 0.1 1157958 35 2.1 0.5 0.2 1157970 31 2.2 0.4 0.2 1157972 31 2.7 0.5 0.2 1157991 37 2.6 0.5 0.2 1157992 29 2.3 0.5 0.1 1157993 37 2.7 0.6 0.3 1158002 31 2.2 0.5 0.2 1158005 35 2.2 0.5 0.2 1158161 

34 2.3 0.5 0.2 1158162 34 2.3 0.6 0.2 1158491 34 2.1 0.5 0.2 1158492 36 2.1 0.5 0.2 1158810 28 1.7 0.4 0.1 1158812 27 2 0.4 0.1

Study 3

Groups of four 4-to-6-week-old male CD-1 mice were injected subcutaneously twice a week for 4 weeks (for a total of 8 treatments) with 50 mg/kg/dose of modified oligonucleotides. One group of four male CD-1 mice was injected with PBS. Mice were euthanized 24 hours following the final administration.

To evaluate the effect of modified oligonucleotides on liver and kidney function, plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and total bilirubin (TBIL) were measured using an automated clinical chemistry analyzer (Hitachi Olympus AU400c, Melville, N.Y.). The results are presented in the table below. Assays include four animals in a group, except where an asterisk (*) indicates that 3 animals or less was used for a specific assay. Modified oligonucleotides that caused changes in the levels of any of the liver or kidney function markers outside the expected range for modified oligonucleotides were excluded in further studies.

The values for modified oligonucleotides marked with a triple asterisk in the tables below have been previously presented in Tables 13 and 14 herein above. The data for modified oligonucleotides marked with a triple asterisk (

) in the tables below is identical to the data presented in Table 13 and Table 14 as the data is from the same experiments

TABLE 91 Plasma chemistry markers in CD-1 Male mice ALT AST BUN TBIL ION NO. (IU/L) (IU/L) (mg/dL) (mg/dL) PBS 20 51 21 0.2 1157032 1933 746 20 0.1 1304893 52 106 19 0.2 1157919 389 271 30 0.2 1304889 57 80 25 0.2 1157936 86 87 18 0.2 1304906 

59 78 22 0.2 1157970 224 305 21 0.2 1304890 

33 51 21 0.2 1157972 1477 785 28 0.3 1304888 59 94 21 0.2 1157993 455 428 20 0.2 1304903 194 157 19 0.2 1158002 861 734 26 0.1 1304883 203 271 26 0.2 1158162 240 243 24 0.2 1304898 310 335 24 0.2 1158491 131 155 27 0.2 1304900 61 140 27 0.3 1158492 422 358 20 0.2 1304899 66 96 21 0.2 1158812 3116 2358 25 0.5 1304895 35 98 24 0.2 1158139 326 256 22 0.2 1304882 1931 797 23 0.2 1158168 1492 880 31 0.2 1304901 1790 1477 34 4.3 1157974 1664 1935 23 2.5 1304885 98 107 18 0.2

Body weights of CD-1 male mice were measured at days 1 and 25, and the average body weight for each group is presented in the table below. Liver, kidney and spleen weights were measured at the end of the study and are presented in the table below. Modified oligonucleotides that caused any changes in organ weights outside the expected range for modified oligonucleotides were excluded from further studies.

TABLE 92 Body and organ weights (in grams) Body Weight Liver Kidney Spleen ION No. (g) (g) (g) (g) PBS 32 1.6 0.5 0.1 1157032 32 2 0.5 0.2 1304893 35 2 0.5 0.1 1157919 34 2.4 0.4 0.2 1304889 35 1.9 0.5 0.2 1157936 38 2.1 0.6 0.1 1304906 

34 1.8 0.5 0.1 1157970 33 2.2 0.4 0.2 1304890 

36 2 0.5 0.2 1157972 30 2.4 0.4 0.1 1304888 35 1.9 0.5 0.1 1157993 36 2.5 0.5 0.3 1304903 36 2.3 0.5 0.2 1158002 34 2.1 0.5 0.2 1304883 35 2 0.6 0.2 1158162 35 2 0.5 0.1 1304898 37 2.4 0.6 0.2 1158491 36 2.1 0.5 0.2 1304900 34 1.9 0.6 0.3 1158492 36 2 0.6 0.2 1304899 35 2 0.5 0.2 1158812 27 1.9 0.4 0.1 1304895 37 1.9 0.5 0.2 1158139 34 2.6 0.5 0.1 1304882 32 3.1 0.5 0.1 1158168 37 5.4 0.5 0.2 1304901 32 5 0.5 0.2 1157974 26 1.2 0.5 0.1 1304885 36 2.3 0.6 0.2

Study 4

Groups of four 4-to-6-week-old male CD-1 mice were injected subcutaneously twice a week for 4 weeks (for a total of 8 treatments) with 50 mg/kg/dose of modified oligonucleotides. One group of four male CD-1 mice was injected with PBS. Mice were euthanized 72 hours following the final administration. The values for modified oligonucleotides marked with a triple asterisk in the tables below have been previously presented in Tables 15 and 16 herein above. The data for modified oligonucleotides marked with a triple asterisk (

) in the tables below is identical to the data presented in Table 15 and Table 16 as the data is from the same experiments.

To evaluate the effect of modified oligonucleotides on liver and kidney function, plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and total bilirubin (TBIL) were measured using an automated clinical chemistry analyzer (Hitachi Olympus AU400c, Melville, N.Y.). The results are presented in the table below. Assays include four animals in a group, except where an asterisk (*) indicates that 3 animals or less was used for a specific assay. Modified oligonucleotides that caused changes in the levels of any of the liver or kidney function markers outside the expected range for modified oligonucleotides were excluded in further studies.

TABLE 93 Plasma chemistry markers in CD-1 Male mice Compound ALT AST BUN TBIL Number (IU/L) (IU/L) (mg/dL) (mg/dL) PBS 19 56 16 0.2 1304879 36 48 14 0.1 1304880 129  153  16 0.1 1304881 103  80 14 0.2 1304884 

33 55 15 0.1 1304886 27 71 17 0.1 1304887 1531  1672  20 1.5 1304891 242  143  17 0.1 1304892 79 94 17 0.2 1304894 1009  569  19 0.2 1304896 51 54 15 0.2 1304897  99* 106*  16* 0.1* 1304902 34 47 16 0.1 1304904 29 52 15 0.1 1304905 737  389  16 0.1 1304907 102  84 14 0.1 1304908 71 69 17 0.1

Body weights of CD-1 male mice were measured at days 1 and 25, and the average body weight for each group is presented in the table below. Liver, kidney and spleen weights were measured at the end of the study and are presented in the table below. Modified oligonucleotides that caused any changes in organ weights outside the expected range for modified oligonucleotides were excluded from further studies.

TABLE 94 Body and organ weights (in grams) Compound Body Weight Liver Kidney Spleen Number (g) (g) (g) (g) PBS 34 2 0.5 0.1 1304879 34 2.2 0.5 0.1 1304880 36 2.5 0.5 0.2 1304881 34 2.2 0.5 0.2 1304884 

37 2.2 0.5 0.2 1304886 38 2.2 0.6 0.1 1304887 33 2.9 0.4 0.1 1304891 37 3.2 0.5 0.2 1304892 35 2.3 0.5 0.2 1304894 33 1.7 0.4 0.1 1304896 35 2.1 0.5 0.1 1304897 35 2.2* 0.5* 0.2* 1304902 39 2.4 0.6 0.2 1304904 37 2.2 0.5 0.2 1304905 38 2.6 0.5 0.2 1304907 36 1.9 0.5 0.1 1304908 37 2.3 0.6 0.3

Study 5

Groups of four 4-to-6-week-old male CD-1 mice were injected subcutaneously twice a week for 4 weeks (for a total of 8 treatments) with 50 mg/kg/dose of modified oligonucleotides. One group of four male CD-1 mice was injected with PBS. Mice were euthanized 24 hours following the final administration. The values for modified oligonucleotides marked with a triple asterisk in the tables below have been previously presented in Tables 9 and 10 herein above. The data for modified oligonucleotides marked with a triple asterisk (

) in the tables below is identical to the data presented in Table 9 and Table 10 as the data is from the same experiments.

To evaluate the effect of modified oligonucleotides on liver and kidney function, plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and total bilirubin (TBIL) were measured using an automated clinical chemistry analyzer (Hitachi Olympus AU400c, Melville, N.Y.). The results are presented in the table below. Assays include four animals in a group, except where an asterisk (*) indicates that 3 animals or less was used for a specific assay. Modified oligonucleotides that caused changes in the levels of any of the liver or kidney function markers outside the expected range for modified oligonucleotides were excluded in further studies.

TABLE 95 Plasma chemistry markers in CD-1 Male mice Compound ALT AST BUN TBIL Number (IU/L) (IU/L) (mg/dL) (mg/dL) PBS  43  71 26 0.2 1157034 891 641 23 0.2 1157032 579 652 20 0.2 1157048 2247  2324  20 4.2 1157110 1408  966 25 0.3 1157111 

341 200 22 0.2 1158139 651 307 25 0.2 1158614 8358* 6909*  37* 4.6* 1158615 1699  1170  30 0.3 1158168 3846  1734  27 10.7 1157974 1399  1957   16* 1.1

Body weights of CD-1 male mice were measured at days 1 and 25, and the average body weight for each group is presented in the table below. Liver, kidney and spleen weights were measured at the end of the study and are presented in the table below. Modified oligonucleotides that caused any changes in organ weights outside the expected range for modified oligonucleotides were excluded from further studies.

TABLE 96 Body and organ weights (in grams) Compound Body Weight Liver Kidney Spleen Number (g) (g) (g) (g) PBS 37 2 0.6 0.1 1157032 35 2.3 0.4 0.2 1157034 33 2 0.4 0.1 1157048 31 2.7 0.4 0.1 1157110 32 1.8 0.5 0.2 1157111 

38 2.8 0.5 0.2 1157974 30 1.6 0.5 0.2 1158139 34 3 0.4 0.1 1158168 31 5.1 0.4 0.1 1158614 27 3.2 0.4 0 1158615 26 1.6 0.3 0.1

Example 20: Tolerability of Modified Oligonucleotides Targeting Human MALAT1 in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Sprague-Dawley rats are a multipurpose model used for safety and efficacy evaluations. The rats were treated with Ionis modified oligonucleotides from the studies described in the Examples above and evaluated for changes in the levels of various plasma chemistry markers.

Study 1

Groups of 4 Sprague-Dawley rats each were weekly injected subcutaneously with 50 mg/kg of Ionis oligonucleotide for 6 weeks (total 7 doses). The rats were euthanized; and organs, urine and plasma were harvested for further analysis 2 days after the last dose.

Plasma Chemistry Markers

To evaluate the effect of modified oligonucleotides on liver and kidney function, plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and total bilirubin (TBIL) were measured using an automated clinical chemistry analyzer (Hitachi Olympus AU400c, Melville, N.Y.). The results are presented in the table below. Assays include four animals in a group, except where an asterisk (*) indicates that 3 animals or less was used for a specific assay. Modified oligonucleotides that caused changes in the levels of any of the liver or kidney function markers outside the expected range for modified oligonucleotides were excluded in further studies.

TABLE 97 Plasma chemistry markers in Sprague-Dawley rats Compound ALT AST BUN TBIL Number (IU/L) (IU/L) (mg/dL) (mg/dL) PBS 65 133 16 0.7 1157034* 333 292 195 0.8 1157111 37 73 31 0.2 1157190 47 83 19 0.2 1157929 42 74 20 0.2 1158161 92 117 22 0.2 1158162 882 700 96 1.7

Blood obtained from rat groups at the end of the study, day 43, were sent to IDEXX BioAnalytics for measurement of blood cell counts. Counts taken include red blood cell (RBC) count, Hemoglobin (HGB), Hematocrit (HCT), platelet count (PLT), total white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil counts (NEU), lymphocyte counts (LYM), and monocyte counts (MON). The results are presented in the tables below. Ionis oligonucleotides that caused changes in the blood cell count outside the expected range for modified oligonucleotides were excluded in further studies.

TABLE 98 Blood Cell Count in Sprague-Dawley Rats Compound RBC HGB HCT PLT WBC NEU LYM MON No. (×106/μL) (g/dL) (%) (10³/μL) (×10³/μL) (%) (%) (%) PBS 8 15 44 667 8 18 75 5 1157034* 6 11 32 836 15 42 53 5 1157111 6 11 34 677 17 32 62 5 1157190 6 12 35 632 10 19 76 4 1157929 7 12 36 771 9 25 69 5 1158161 7 13 36 1068 10 28 65 7 1158162 7 11 33 743 21 33 60 7

To evaluate the effect of Ionis oligonucleotides on kidney function, urinary levels of micro total protein (MTP) and creatinine were measured using an automated clinical chemistry analyzer (Hitachi Olympus AU400c, Melville, N.Y.). The ratios of MTP to creatinine (MTP/C ratio) are presented in the table below. Ionis oligonucleotides that caused changes in the levels of the ratio outside the expected range for modified oligonucleotides were excluded in further studies.

TABLE 99 MTP to creatinine ratio in Sprague-Dawley rats Compound MTP/C Number Ratio PBS 3 1157034* 837 1157111 77 1157190 11 1157929 15 1158161 13 1158162 161

Body weights of rats were measured at on day 41, and the average body weight for each group is presented in the table below. Liver, spleen and kidney weights were measured at the end of the study, and are presented in the table below. Ionis oligonucleotides that caused any changes in organ weights outside the expected range for modified oligonucleotides were excluded from further studies.

TABLE 100 Body and organ weights (g) Compound Body Weight Liver Kidney Spleen Number (g) (g) (g) (g) PBS 469 17 3.5 1.1 1157034* 338 13 7.1 1.3 1157111 348 16 3.2 1.8 1157190 358 16 3.7 2.2 1157929 389 16 3.2 1.8 1158161 422 16 3.3 1.7 1158162 306 13 4.1 1.2

Study 2

Groups of 4 Sprague-Dawley rats each were weekly injected subcutaneously with 50 mg/kg of Ionis oligonucleotide for 6 weeks (total 7 doses). The rats were euthanized; and organs, urine and plasma were harvested for further analysis 1 day after the last dose.

Plasma Chemistry Markers

To evaluate the effect of modified oligonucleotides on liver and kidney function, plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and total bilirubin (TBIL) were measured using an automated clinical chemistry analyzer (Hitachi Olympus AU400c, Melville, N.Y.). The results are presented in the table below. Modified oligonucleotides that caused changes in the levels of any of the liver or kidney function markers outside the expected range for modified oligonucleotides were excluded in further studies.

TABLE 101 Plasma chemistry markers in Sprague-Dawley rats Compound ALT AST BUN TBIL Number (IU/L) (IU/L) (mg/dL) (mg/dL) PBS 70 66 15 0.12 1304884 70 85 19 0.11 1304890 49 78 18 0.11 1304906 77 103 18 0.15

Blood obtained from rat groups at the end of the study, day 43, were sent to IDEXX BioAnalytics for measurement of blood cell counts. Counts taken red blood cell (RBC) count, Hemoglobin (HGB), Hematocrit (HCT), platelet count (PLT), total white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil counts (NEU), lymphocyte counts (LYM), and monocyte counts (MON). The results are presented in the tables below. Ionis oligonucleotides that caused changes in the blood cell count outside the expected range for modified oligonucleotides were excluded in further studies.

TABLE 102 Blood Cell Count in Sprague-Dawley Rats Compound RBC HGB HCT PLT WBC NEU LYM MON No. (×106/μL) (g/dL) (%) (10³/μL) (×10³/μL) (%) (%) (%) PBS 7 14 39 351 8 13 81 5 1E+06 7 14 39 450 11 17 79 4 1E+06 8 14 40 578 8 7 86 6 1E+06 8 15 41 545 10 15 78 7

To evaluate the effect of Ionis oligonucleotides on kidney function, urinary levels of micro total protein (MTP) and creatinine were measured using an automated clinical chemistry analyzer (Hitachi Olympus AU400c, Melville, N.Y.). The ratios of MTP to creatinine (MTP/C ratio) are presented in the table below. Ionis oligonucleotides that caused changes in the levels of the ratio outside the expected range for modified oligonucleotides were excluded in further studies.

TABLE 103 MTP to creatinine ratio in Sprague-Dawley rats Compound Number MTP/C PBS 3 1304884 15 1304890 16 1304906 12

Body weights of rats were measured at days 1 and 38 and the average body weight for each group is presented in the table below. Liver, spleen and kidney weights were measured at the end of the study, and are presented in the table below. Ionis oligonucleotides that caused any changes in organ weights outside the expected range for modified oligonucleotides were excluded from further studies.

TABLE 104 Body and organ weights (g) Compound Body Weight Liver Kidney Spleen Number (g) (g) (g) (g) PBS 474 17.4 3.7 0.8 1E+06 385 15.5 3.3 1.9 1E+06 385 15 3.4 1.5 1E+06 404 15.1 3.4 2.1 

1. (canceled)
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 28. A modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical structure:

or a salt thereof.
 29. The modified oligonucleotide of claim 28, wherein the modified oligonucleotide is the sodium salt or the potassium salt.
 30. A modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical structure:


31. A composition comprising the modified oligonucleotide of claim 28, and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.
 32. A composition comprising the modified oligonucleotide of claim 28, and water.
 33. (canceled)
 34. A method of treating or ameliorating cancer in an individual comprising administering to the individual the modified oligonucleotide of claim 28, thereby treating or ameliorating the cancer.
 35. (canceled)
 36. The method of claim 34, wherein the cancer is breast cancer; inflammatory breast cancer; breast ductal carcinoma; breast lobular carcinoma; luminal A breast cancer; luminal B breast cancer; basal-like breast cancer; HER2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer; HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor negative (ER−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor negative (PR−) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR negative (PR−) breast cancer; ER negative (ER−) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; ER−, PR−, and HER2− triple negative breast cancer (ER−, PR−, HER2−; TNBC); hormone receptor negative breast cancer (ER− and PR−); ER+, PR+, and HER2+ triple positive breast cancer (ER+, PR+, HER2+; TPBC); hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC); sarcomas; esophageal cancer; gastric cancer; ovarian cancer; pancreatic cancer; lung cancer; non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC); squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); head and neck cancer; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); gastrointestinal cancer; large intestinal cancer; small intestinal cancer; stomach cancer; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; bladder cancer; liver cancer; biliary tract cancer; urothelial cancer; endometrial cancer; cervical cancer; prostate cancer; mesothelioma; chordoma; renal cancer; renal cell carcinoma (RCC); brain cancer; neuroblastoma; glioblastoma; skin cancer; melanoma; basal cell carcinoma; merkel cell carcinoma; blood cancer; hematopoietic hematopoetic cancer; myeloma; multiple myeloma (MM); B cell malignancies; lymphoma; B cell lymphoma; Hodgkin lymphoma; T cell lymphoma; leukemia; or acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).
 37. The method of claim 34, wherein administering the modified oligonucleotide inhibits or reduces cancer cell proliferation, cancer cell migration, cancer cell branching morphogenesis, tumor progression, tumor growth, or metastasis.
 38. The method of claim 34, wherein administering the modified oligonucleotide increases or induces cancer cell differentiation, cancer cell adhesion, or tumor differentiation.
 39. The method of claim 34, wherein administering the modified oligonucleotide induces a cancer cell or tumor to have a cystic, ductular, or acinar phenotype or morphology.
 40. The method of claim 34, wherein administering the modified oligonucleotide induces a cancer cell or tumor to have a more differentiated phenotype or structure.
 41. The method of claim 40, wherein the more differentiated phenotype or structure comprises presence of secretory lipid droplets, increased desmosomal structures, polarized ductal structures, or increased levels of E-cadherin or casein.
 42. A method of inhibiting expression of MALAT1 in a cancer cell, comprising contacting the cancer cell with the modified oligonucleotide of claim 28, thereby inhibiting expression of MALAT1 in the cancer cell.
 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the cancer is breast cancer; inflammatory breast cancer; breast ductal carcinoma; breast lobular carcinoma; luminal A breast cancer; luminal B breast cancer; basal-like breast cancer; HER2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer; HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor negative (ER−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor negative (PR−) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR negative (PR−) breast cancer; ER negative (ER−) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; ER−, PR−, and HER2− triple negative breast cancer (ER−, PR−, HER2−; TNBC); hormone receptor negative breast cancer (ER− and PR−); ER+, PR+, and HER2+ triple positive breast cancer (ER+, PR+, HER2+; TPBC); hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC); sarcomas; esophageal cancer; gastric cancer; ovarian cancer; pancreatic cancer; lung cancer; non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC); squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); head and neck cancer; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); gastrointestinal cancer; large intestinal cancer; small intestinal cancer; stomach cancer; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; bladder cancer; liver cancer; biliary tract cancer; urothelial cancer; endometrial cancer; cervical cancer; prostate cancer; mesothelioma; chordoma; renal cancer; renal cell carcinoma (RCC); brain cancer; neuroblastoma; glioblastoma; skin cancer; melanoma; basal cell carcinoma; merkel cell carcinoma; blood cancer; hematopoietic cancer; myeloma; multiple myeloma (MM); B cell malignancies; lymphoma; B cell lymphoma; Hodgkin lymphoma; T cell lymphoma; leukemia; or acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).
 44. A method of reducing or inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, cancer cell migration, cancer cell branching morphogenesis, tumor progression, tumor growth, or metastasis in an individual having cancer comprising administering the modified oligonucleotide of claim 28 to the individual, thereby reducing or inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, cancer cell migration, cancer cell branching morphogenesis, tumor progression, tumor growth, or metastasis in the individual.
 45. A method of increasing or inducing cancer cell differentiation, cancer cell adhesion, or tumor differentiation in an individual having cancer comprising administering the modified oligonucleotide of claim 28 to the individual, thereby increasing or inducing cancer cell differentiation, cancer cell adhesion, or tumor differentiation in the individual.
 46. A method of inducing a cancer cell or tumor to have a cystic, ductular, or acinar phenotype or morphology in an individual having cancer comprising administering the modified oligonucleotide of claim 28 to the individual, thereby inducing the cancer cell or tumor to have a cystic, ductular, or acinar phenotype or morphology.
 47. A method of inducing a cancer cell or tumor to have a more differentiated phenotype or structure comprising administering the modified oligonucleotide of claim 28 to the individual, thereby inducing the cancer cell or tumor to have a more differentiated phenotype or structure.
 48. The method of claim 47, wherein the more differentiated phenotype or structure comprises presence of secretory lipid droplets, increased desmosomal structures, polarized ductal structures, or increased levels of E-cadherin or casein.
 49. The method of claim 44, wherein the individual has breast cancer; inflammatory breast cancer; breast ductal carcinoma; breast lobular carcinoma; luminal A breast cancer; luminal B breast cancer; basal-like breast cancer; HER2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer; HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor negative (ER−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor negative (PR−) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR negative (PR−) breast cancer; ER negative (ER−) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; ER−, PR−, and HER2− triple negative breast cancer (ER−, PR−, HER2−; TNBC); hormone receptor negative breast cancer (ER− and PR−); ER+, PR+, and HER2+ triple positive breast cancer (ER+, PR+, HER2+; TPBC); hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC); sarcomas; esophageal cancer; gastric cancer; ovarian cancer; pancreatic cancer; lung cancer; non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC); squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); head and neck cancer; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); gastrointestinal cancer; large intestinal cancer; small intestinal cancer; stomach cancer; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; bladder cancer; liver cancer; biliary tract cancer; urothelial cancer; endometrial cancer; cervical cancer; prostate cancer; mesothelioma; chordoma; renal cancer; renal cell carcinoma (RCC); brain cancer; neuroblastoma; glioblastoma; skin cancer; melanoma; basal cell carcinoma; merkel cell carcinoma; blood cancer; hematopoietic cancer; myeloma; multiple myeloma (MM); B cell malignancies; lymphoma; B cell lymphoma; Hodgkin lymphoma; T cell lymphoma; leukemia; or acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).
 50. (canceled)
 51. (canceled)
 52. The method of claim 34, wherein the modified oligonucleotide is administered parenterally.
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 71. The method of claim 44, wherein the modified oligonucleotide is administered parenterally.
 72. A composition, comprising the modified oligonucleotide of claim 30 and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.
 73. A composition, comprising the modified oligonucleotide of claim 30 and water.
 74. A method of treating or ameliorating cancer in an individual comprising administering to the individual the modified oligonucleotide of claim 30, thereby treating or ameliorating the cancer.
 75. The method of claim 74, wherein the cancer is breast cancer; inflammatory breast cancer; breast ductal carcinoma; breast lobular carcinoma; luminal A breast cancer; luminal B breast cancer; basal-like breast cancer; HER2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer; HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor negative (ER−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor negative (PR−) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR negative (PR−) breast cancer; ER negative (ER−) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; ER−, PR−, and HER2− triple negative breast cancer (ER−, PR−, HER2−; TNBC); hormone receptor negative breast cancer (ER− and PR−); ER+, PR+, and HER2+ triple positive breast cancer (ER+, PR+, HER2+; TPBC); hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC); sarcomas; esophageal cancer; gastric cancer; ovarian cancer; pancreatic cancer; lung cancer; non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC); squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); head and neck cancer; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); gastrointestinal cancer; large intestinal cancer; small intestinal cancer; stomach cancer; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; bladder cancer; liver cancer; biliary tract cancer; urothelial cancer; endometrial cancer; cervical cancer; prostate cancer; mesothelioma; chordoma; renal cancer; renal cell carcinoma (RCC); brain cancer; neuroblastoma; glioblastoma; skin cancer; melanoma; basal cell carcinoma; merkel cell carcinoma; blood cancer; hematopoietic cancer; myeloma; multiple myeloma (MM); B cell malignancies; lymphoma; B cell lymphoma; Hodgkin lymphoma; T cell lymphoma; leukemia; or acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).
 76. The method of claim 74, wherein administering the modified oligonucleotide inhibits or reduces cancer cell proliferation, cancer cell migration, cancer cell branching morphogenesis, tumor progression, tumor growth, or metastasis.
 77. The method of claim 74, wherein administering the modified oligonucleotide increases or induces cancer cell differentiation, cancer cell adhesion, or tumor differentiation.
 78. The method of claim 74, wherein administering the modified oligonucleotide induces a cancer cell or tumor to have a cystic, ductular, or acinar phenotype or morphology.
 79. The method of claim 74, wherein administering the modified oligonucleotide induces a cancer cell or tumor to have a more differentiated phenotype or structure.
 80. The method of claim 79, wherein the more differentiated phenotype or structure comprises presence of secretory lipid droplets, increased desmosomal structures, polarized ductal structures, or increased levels of E-cadherin or casein.
 81. A method of inhibiting expression of MALAT1 in a cancer cell comprising contacting the cancer cell with the modified oligonucleotide of claim 30, thereby inhibiting expression of MALAT1 in the cancer cell.
 82. The method of claim 81, wherein the cancer is breast cancer; inflammatory breast cancer; breast ductal carcinoma; breast lobular carcinoma; luminal A breast cancer; luminal B breast cancer; basal-like breast cancer; HER2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer; HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor negative (ER−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor negative (PR−) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR negative (PR−) breast cancer; ER negative (ER−) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; ER−, PR−, and HER2− triple negative breast cancer (ER−, PR−, HER2−; TNBC); hormone receptor negative breast cancer (ER− and PR−); ER+, PR+, and HER2+ triple positive breast cancer (ER+, PR+, HER2+; TPBC); hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC); sarcomas; esophageal cancer; gastric cancer; ovarian cancer; pancreatic cancer; lung cancer; non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC); squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); head and neck cancer; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); gastrointestinal cancer; large intestinal cancer; small intestinal cancer; stomach cancer; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; bladder cancer; liver cancer; biliary tract cancer; urothelial cancer; endometrial cancer; cervical cancer; prostate cancer; mesothelioma; chordoma; renal cancer; renal cell carcinoma (RCC); brain cancer; neuroblastoma; glioblastoma; skin cancer; melanoma; basal cell carcinoma; merkel cell carcinoma; blood cancer; hematopoietic cancer; myeloma; multiple myeloma (MM); B cell malignancies; lymphoma; B cell lymphoma; Hodgkin lymphoma; T cell lymphoma; leukemia; or acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).
 83. A method of reducing or inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, cancer cell migration, cancer cell branching morphogenesis, tumor progression, tumor growth, or metastasis in an individual having cancer, comprising administering the modified oligonucleotide of claim 30 to the individual, thereby reducing or inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, cancer cell migration, cancer cell branching morphogenesis, tumor progression, tumor growth, or metastasis in the individual.
 84. A method of increasing or inducing cancer cell differentiation, cancer cell adhesion, or tumor differentiation in an individual having cancer comprising administering the modified oligonucleotide of claim 30 to the individual, thereby increasing or inducing cancer cell differentiation, cancer cell adhesion, or tumor differentiation in the individual.
 85. A method of inducing a cancer cell or tumor to have a cystic, ductular, or acinar phenotype or morphology in an individual having cancer comprising administering the modified oligonucleotide of claim 30 to the individual, thereby inducing the cancer cell or tumor to have a cystic, ductular, or acinar phenotype or morphology.
 86. A method of inducing a cancer cell or tumor to have a more differentiated phenotype or structure, comprising administering the modified oligonucleotide of claim 30 to the individual, thereby inducing the cancer cell or tumor to have a more differentiated phenotype or structure.
 87. The method of claim 86, wherein the more differentiated phenotype or structure comprises presence of secretory lipid droplets, increased desmosomal structures, polarized ductal structures, or increased levels of E-cadherin or casein.
 88. The method of claim 86, wherein the individual has breast cancer; inflammatory breast cancer; breast ductal carcinoma; breast lobular carcinoma; luminal A breast cancer; luminal B breast cancer; basal-like breast cancer; HER2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer; HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor negative (ER−) breast cancer; Estrogen Receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor negative (PR−) breast cancer; Progesterone Receptor positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and PR negative (PR−) breast cancer; ER negative (ER−) and PR positive (PR+) breast cancer; ER positive (ER+) and HER2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer; ER−, PR−, and HER2− triple negative breast cancer (ER−, PR−, HER2−; TNBC); hormone receptor negative breast cancer (ER− and PR−); ER+, PR+, and HER2+ triple positive breast cancer (ER+, PR+, HER2+; TPBC); hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC); sarcomas; esophageal cancer; gastric cancer; ovarian cancer; pancreatic cancer; lung cancer; non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC); squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); head and neck cancer; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); gastrointestinal cancer; large intestinal cancer; small intestinal cancer; stomach cancer; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; bladder cancer; liver cancer; biliary tract cancer; urothelial cancer; endometrial cancer; cervical cancer; prostate cancer; mesothelioma; chordoma; renal cancer; renal cell carcinoma (RCC); brain cancer; neuroblastoma; glioblastoma; skin cancer; melanoma; basal cell carcinoma; merkel cell carcinoma; blood cancer; hematopoietic cancer; myeloma; multiple myeloma (MM); B cell malignancies; lymphoma; B cell lymphoma; Hodgkin lymphoma; T cell lymphoma; leukemia; or acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).
 89. The method of claim 74, wherein the modified oligonucleotide is administered parenterally.
 90. The method of claim 83, wherein the modified oligonucleotide is administered parenterally. 